the implied subject of ἀπῇμϵν (S. 2042, 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c).
δὲ: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence to the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162).
καὶ: The conjunction connects the two circumstantial participles (S. 2868).
θϵωρήσαντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, aorist, active, circumstantial participle of θϵωρέω modifying ἡμϵῖς, the implied subject of ἀπῇμϵν (S. 2042, 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c).
ἀπῇμϵν: First person, plural, imperfect, indicative of ἄπϵιμι (S. 773). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Although the subject reflects two persons (Socrates and Glaucon), the dual is not used; the dual speaks of dual or a pair, but it is not often used, and the plural (which denotes more than one) is frequently substituted for it (S. 195).
πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “towards, to” (S. 1695.3.a). τὸ ἄστυ: When referring to Athens, the word means “town”, opposed to ἀγρός (“country”), Phalerum or Piraeus (L.S. ἄστυ 2). τὸ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).
κατιδὼν οὖν πόρωθϵν ἡμᾶς οἴκαδϵ ὡρμημένους Πολέμαρχος ὁ Κϵφάλου ἐκέλϵυσϵ δραμόντα τὸν παῖδα πϵριμϵῖναί ἑ κϵλϵῦσαι. (327.b)
| ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.κατϵῖδον: to see, behold, regard.κϵλϵύω: to bid, order, request.Κϵφάλος, ου-, ὁ: Cephalus.ὁ, τοῦ: the (son).οἴκαδϵ: to one’s house or home, homewards.ὁρμάομαι: to set out, rush, hasten. | οὗ, οἷ, ἕ: of him, to him, him.οὖν: so, then, thereupon.παῖς, -δός, ὁ: slave, servant, man.πϵριμένω: to wait for, await.Πολέμαρχος, -ου, ὁ: Polemarchus.πόρρωθϵν: from afar.τρέχω: to run, move quickly. |
κατιδὼν … Πολέμαρχος ὁ Κϵφάλου: Nominative subject of ἐκέλϵυσϵ (S. 927, 938). κατιδὼν: Singular, masculine, nominative, aorist, active circumstantial participle of κατϵῖδον modifying Πολέμαρχος (S. 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c). The aorist participle is accented as an oxytone (S. 425.b). Πολέμαρχος: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). ὁ: The definite article following the noun is in apposition to Πολέμαρχος and is an ellipsis of ὁ υἱός (“the son”) (S. 916, 1301). Κϵφάλου: Genitive of possession or belonging with ὁ (S. 1297). Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136).
οὖν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 245).
πόρρωθϵν: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).
ἡμᾶς οἴκαδϵ ὡρμημένους: Accusative direct object of the participle κατιδὼν (S. 1554, 2040). ἡμᾶς: Plural, accusative personal pronoun (S. 325). οἴκαδϵ: Adverb; a combination of οἰκα-, an old accusative form, and -δϵ, “to, toward” to denote place whither (S. 342, 1094). Adverbs, rather than adjectives, modify participles (S. 2040). ὡρμημένους: Plural, masculine, accusative, perfect, middle, circumstantial participle of ὁρμάω modifying ἡμᾶς (S. 2054). The perfect participle denotes completion with permanent result (S. 1872.d).
ἐκέλϵυσϵ: Third person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of κϵλϵύω (S. 383). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173).
δραμόντα τὸν παῖδα … κϵλϵῦσαι: Accusative subject with the infinitive after ἐκέλϵυσϵ (S. 1465, 1972). δραμόντα τὸν παῖδα: Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972). δραμόντα: Singular, masculine, accusative, aorist, active, circumstantial participle of τρέχω modifying παῖδα (S. 2054). The aorist tense denotes simple occurrence and the action set forth is generally antecedent to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.c). κϵλϵῦσαι: Aorist, active infinitive of κϵλϵύω (S. 383). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).
πϵριμϵῖναί (ἡμᾶς): Aorist, active infinitive from πϵριμένω (S. 402). Infinitive after κϵλϵῦσαι (S. 1465, 1972). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b). The acute accent on the ultima syllable of the properispomenon is thrown back from the following enclitic form ἑ (S. 183.C). ἡμᾶς: Supply ἡμᾶς (“us”) as the accusative subject of πϵριμϵῖναί (S. 1972, 3017).
ἑ: Third person, singular, accusative, enclitic pronoun (S. 325). Accusative direct object of the infinitive πϵριμϵῖναί (S. 1554, 1967). The pronoun is used as an indirect reflexive referring back to Πολέμαρχος, the subject of the main clause (S. 1229). The enclitic throws back its accent onto the previous properispomenon πϵριμϵῖναί (S. 183.c).
In the reminder of the dialogue, Plato uses certain verbs to introduce direct speech, or oratio recta. These verbs of saying include ἔφη, “he said”, ἦ δ´ὅς, “and he said”, ἦν δ´ἐγώ, “and I said”, and other similar verbs. In order to simplify explanations, this text will label them as introducing oratio recta and treat their basic function as simply noting the change of speakers with no grammatical significance.
καί μου ὄπισθϵν ὁ παῖς λαβόμϵνος τοῦ ἱματίου, Κϵλϵύϵι ὑμᾶς, ἔφη, Πολέμαρχος πϵριμϵῖναι. (327.b)
| ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.ἱμάτιον, -ου, τό: an outer garment, cloak, mantle.καί: and.κϵλϵύω: to bid, order, request.λαμβάνομαι: to take hold of, lay ahold of, grasp, seize.ὄπισθϵν (+ gen.): behind. |
παῖς, -δός, ὁ: a slave, servant, man.πϵριμένω: to wait for, await.Πολέμαρχος,
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