Periplus Pocket Vietnamese Dictionary. Phan Van Giuong

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v verb

      Pronunciation

      The Vietnamese alphabet has 29 letters: a, ă, â, b, c, d, đ, e, ê, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, ô, ơ, p, q, r, s, t, u, ư, v, x, y.

      Vietnamese consonants are written as a single letter or a cluster of two or three letters, as follows: b, c, ch, d, đ, g, gh, gi, h, k, kh, l, m, n, ng, ngh, nh, p, ph, qu, r, s, t, th, tr, v, x.

      The vowels in Vietnamese are the following: a, ă, â, e, ê, i/y, o, ô, ơ, u, ư. Vowels can also be grouped together to form a cluster.

      The following lists the consonants and vowels with their Vietnamese pronunciation followed by their English equivalent.

Consonants
VIETNAMESEENGLISHEXAMPLEMEANING
bbookbútpen
c, kcanfish
kemice-cream
ququeenquýprecious
chchorechoto give
d, g (before i)zerodaskin
what
đdođito go
g, ghgogarailway
gheboat
hhathaitwo
kh(no real English equivalent)khôngno
llotlàmto do
mme; himmaitomorrow
nnot; innamsouth
ng, nghsingerngondelicious
ngheto hear
nhcanyonnhogrape
phphonephảiright
rrunrato go out
sshowsữamilk
ttoptốtgood
ththinthămto visit
trentrytrênon/above
vveryand
xseexafar
Vowels
VIETNAMESEENGLISHEXAMPLEMEANING
afatherbathree
ăhatănto eat
âbutâmsound
ebetemyounger brother/sister
êmayđêmnight
i/ymekimneedle
olawloto worry
ônoaunt
ơfurbutter
utoongustupid
ưuh-uhthưletter

      Tones

      The standard Vietnamese language has six tones. Each tone is a meaningful and integral part of the syllable. Every syllable must have a tone. The tones are indicated in conventional Vietnamese spelling by marks placed over (à, ả, ã, á) or under (ạ) single vowels or the vowel in a cluster that bears the main stress.

VIETNAMESE NAME TONE MARK TONE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE MEANING
Không dấu None mid-level Voice starts at middle of normal speaking range and remains at that level ma ghost
Huyền à low-falling Voice starts fairly low and gradually falls but
Hỏi low-rising Voice falls initially then rises slightly mả tomb
Ngã ã high-broken Voice rises slightly, is cut off abruptly, then rises sharply again horse
Sắc á high-rising Voice starts high and rises sharply cheek
Nặng low-broken Voice falls, then cuts off abruptly mạ rice seedling

      Basic Vietnamese Grammar

      Vietnamese is written in the Roman alphabet and it is usually considered a monosyllabic language. Each single word (or syllable) can be formed by at least a vowel or vowel cluster and consonant and a tone marker. In this introductory basic grammar, we will look at the structural formation of words (single and compound) and sentences.

      A. The Vietnamese Alphabet

      There are 29 letters in the Vietnamese alphabet.

I. Vowels (V): There are 12 vowels: a, ă, â, e, ê, i, y, o, ô, ơ, u, ư.
II. Consonants (C): There are 17 single consonants and 11 consonant clusters:
1. 17 single consonants: b, c, d, đ, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x.
2. 11 consonant clusters: ch, gh, kh, nh, ph, th, ng, ngh, gi, tr, qu.
3. Final consonants: only 8 can appear in the final position: p, c, m, n, t, ch, nh, ng.
III. Tone markers (T)
There are six tones, but only five tone markers. Four of them are put above and one under a vowel or a vowel cluster.
TONE MARKER NAME EXAMPLE MEANING
a à ả ã á ạ dấu ngang dấu huyền dầu hỏi dấu ngã dấu sắc dấu nặng ma mà mả mã má mạ ghost which tomb horse cheek rice seedling

      B. Word Forms

      Single words:

      A Vietnamese single word can be formed in one of the following four ways:

a.A vowel or vowel cluster with or without a tone marker.
Examples:ô!(oh!)
ai(who)
áo(shirt)
b.A vowel or vowel cluster with or without a tone marker plus a final consonant.
Examples:ăn(to eat)
uống(to drink)
ấm(warm)
c.An initial consonant plus a vowel or vowel cluster with or without tone markers.
Examples:da(skin)
dạ(yes)
dao(knife)
d.An

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