She also founded the New Hospital for Women (1868) and promoted women’s medical education. (She married in 1871.) In retirement Anderson became England’s first woman mayor (1908). See also FAWCETT, MILLICENT; WOMEN’S MOVEMENT 1850s TO 1918, GREAT BRITAIN.ANDERSON, JOHN(b. 8 July 1882 at Edinburgh, Scotland; d. 4 Jan. 1958 at London, England, aged 75). A distinguished British civil servant, Anderson served as governor of Bengal, INDIA, 1932–7, and was an Independent MP 1938–50 (for Scottish universities). From 1938 he contributed to preparations for wartime conditions in the UK. A prefabricated domestic bomb shelter which he commissioned (Nov. 1938) became known as the ‘Anderson shelter’. After the outbreak of WORLD WAR II, he was appointed home secretary (Sept. 1939). He then dominated civil administration as lord president of the Council with responsibility for economic mobilization (1940–3) and as chancellor of the Exchequer (1943–5). Anderson was created Viscount Waverley in 1952.ANEIRIN(fl. in early 7th century). A Welsh ‘early poet'. His poem Y Gododdin (‘The Gododdin') celebrates an unsuccessful raid c.600 by Britons from EDINBURGH in GODODDIN (SE Scotland) against SAXONS probably at Catterick (N Yorkshire, England). Originally composed in Primitive Welsh, it survives in Old Welsh (9th–11th centuries) copied c.1250. See also POST‐ROMAN BRITAIN; WELSH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.ANGEVIN EMPIRE
Historians’ term for territories in France and the British Isles accumulated in the 11th–12th centuries by the ‘Angevins’, i.e., counts of Anjou (vassals of the king of France).
Count Fulk IV (ruled 1068–1109) conquered Touraine, and Fulk V (1109–29) acquired Maine by marriage to an heiress. His son Geoffrey Plantagenet acquired a claim to NORMANDY and England through marriage (1128) to MATILDA, daughter of HENRY I. Geoffrey succeeded as count in 1129 (father’s abdication) and conquered Normandy (1142–4; see STEPHEN).
Angevin rule reached its zenith under Geoffrey’s son Henry (see HENRY II), who was duke of Normandy from 1150 (grant from father) and count of Anjou (by hereditary succession) from 1151. From 1152, he was also duke of Aquitaine (through marriage to ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE), and from 1154 king of England (succession by treaty). Between 1166 and 1178 he established control over Brittany, and in 1171 assumed the lordship of Ireland (see HENRY II AND IRELAND). In 1174 he imposed terms on the king of Scotland (see FALAISE, TREATY OF).
Henry and his successors RICHARD and JOHN allowed territories to retain their customs and governments. John lost most of his French lands in 1202–4 (seized by Philip II of France), retaining only the CHANNEL ISLANDS, part of Poitou and GASCONY (latter two territories from duchy of Aquitaine). Poitou was lost in 1224, though attempts were made to recover it in 1225–7, 1230 and 1242 (see HENRY III). See also NORMAN EMPIRE; FRANCE, CLAIMS BY RULERS OF ENGLAND.
ANGLES
Name applied in the 7th–10th centuries (OE, Engle) to inhabitants of Germanic culture in eastern parts of Britain, roughly (N–S) from the Firth of Forth to the R. Stour (in East Anglia). According to BEDE (in 731), they were derived from Continental Angles, who lived in and were named after Angeln on the Jutland peninsula (in modern N Germany), and who were one of three Continental peoples who produced migrants to Britain (5th–6th centuries). The connection between Angeln and Britain is affirmed by archaeological evidence (e.g., cruciform brooches worn by women). In Britain, ‘Angles’ formed one of two large groupings of Germanic inhabitants (alongside SAXONS).
By the late 6th century there was a kingdom of EAST ANGLIA (roughly modern Norfolk and Suffolk in E England), although its rulers may have been of Swedish rather than Anglian origin; its inhabitants are recorded as ‘East Angles’ (e.g., in the TRIBAL HIDAGE). According to Bede, peoples W of East Anglia were ‘Middle Angles’ (though there was no Middle Anglian kingdom), and rulers and inhabitants of MERCIA, DEIRA and BERNICIA were also Angles. (The Anglian area must have included Britons and other inhabitants.)
The name Angles was used in Latin (‘Angli’) by Gregory the Great (Pope 590–604) for all Germanic inhabitants of Britain, a practice followed by Bede (though he also distinguished Angles, Saxons and others) and other 8th‐century writers. From the later 9th century, Anglian identity was the basis for the promotion of a broader ‘English’ identity, which eventually superseded narrower identities (see ENGLISH). See also GERMANIC IMMIGRATION, SOUTHERN BRITAIN.
ANGLESEY
An island off NW Wales; from Old Norse, Ongulsey, meaning ‘Ongull's island' (Welsh, Môn, meaning unknown).
Until late 1282 Anglesey contained the chief court (Welsh llys) of the kings of GWYNEDD at Aberffro. After the English conquest of native Wales, Anglesey became a shire (1284–1974; then a district within Gwynedd county; a unitary authority from 1996). Once renowned for agricultural wealth, Anglesey was linked to the mainland by the Menai suspension bridge designed by Thomas TELFORD (built 1819–26), and by the Britannia railway bridge (1846–9).
ANGLICAN COMMUNION
An international association of autonomous Churches, mostly derived from the Church of ENGLAND and in communion with the see of CANTERBURY (SE England), dating from the 19th century. The Churches of England and Ireland were informally associated in the 16th–18th centuries (united 1801–70), and those churches with the EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN SCOTLAND (from early 18th century).
Churches based on the Church of England’s episcopal organization, liturgy and doctrine were created after AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, starting with the Protestant Episcopal Church in the USA (1789). Thereafter, Churches were founded in the BRITISH EMPIRE through the consecration of bishops in England (e.g., bishop for NEW SOUTH WALES, 1836) and development of provinces (groups of dioceses). In 1867, at the request of the Canadian Church, Archbishop Charles Longley held the first ‘Lambeth Conference’ of bishops (in England) to consider problems of doctrine and governance. Conferences were held thereafter at roughly 10‐year intervals (without legislative authority). In 2015, the Communion comprised 38 provinces and six other jurisdictions. See also MISSIONARY SOCIETIES.
ANGLICIZATION, IRELAND
English and Welsh immigrants settled widely after the Anglo‐Norman invasion (1169–70), and English institutions and culture were introduced (see NORMANS, IMPACT ON IRELAND). But Gaelic culture endured and aspects were adopted by Anglo‐Irish inhabitants despite prohibition (see KILKENNY, STATUTE OF).
From the 1530s the English government aspired to ‘civilize’ the Gaelic Irish by spreading English culture and reformed Christianity. In the 16th–17th centuries, the reassertion of English government, immigration by English and Scots for PLANTATIONS, and the CROMWELLIAN LAND SETTLEMENT spread English and English customs. During the 18th century, following the demise of the Gaelic LEARNED CLASSES, Gaelic Irish people (including Catholic clergy) increasingly adopted English. By 1851, only 5% of the population were monoglot Irish speakers. In the 20th century, English remained the primary language, and English law and culture persisted in southern Ireland. See also IRISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
ANGLICIZATION, SCOTLAND
Most English influences have been imported rather than imposed from outside. Scots, derived from northern English, replaced Gaelic in the Lowlands in the 12th–16th centuries, and English Bibles were influential from the REFORMATION (1560).
After the UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND (1707), English influences steadily increased. They were transmitted by nobles (especially peers), who lived and married in England and educated their children there, while writers of the Scottish ENLIGHTENMENT purged their language of Scottish idioms. Connections with England were strengthened from the 1840s by RAILWAYS. In the late 19th century landlords and urban upper
