of methyldopa. Esterification greatly imp...Figure 26.8 Dipivefrin, a dipivalyl ester of epinephrine, is used to treat g...Figure 26.9 Targeting of the CNS using a redox‐based prodrug system. The dru...Figure 26.10 Azo prodrugs of aminosalicylic acid, used to treat inflammatory...Figure 26.11 Dexamethasone‐21‐β‐D‐glucoside. Following administration, up to...Figure 26.12 Ftorafur [1‐(2‐tetrahydrofuranyl)‐5‐fluorouracil]. This has an ...27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Overview of mutations in a protein‐coding gene that can influenc...Figure 27.2 Mutation of a single nucleotide. A given nucleic acid sequence (...Figure 27.3 Mutations through repeat expansion or reduction. The repeat of a...Figure 27.4 Gene duplication. In a few cases the duplication of an entire ge...Figure 27.5 Epigenetics: DNA methylation. The expression of a gene can also ...Figure 27.6 Overview of PCR‐based approaches for the detection of target seq...Figure 27.7 DNA microarrays: the principle. DNA microarrays are a further de...Figure 27.8 PCR detection of a length polymorphism. Length insertions and de...Figure 27.9 RFLP. If a mutation disrupts a given restriction enzyme recognit...Figure 27.10 ARCS. If the mutation of interest does not alter a restriction ...Figure 27.11 ARMS. PCR analysis of the negative influence of a mismatch on t...Figure 27.12 Minisequencing. If, in a sequence reaction, instead of a mixtur...
28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Schematic (a) and crystal (b) structure of an immunoglobulins ga...Figure 28.2 Experimental flowchart for the production of an antibody gene li...Figure 28.3 Different selection systems for human antibodies based on recomb...Figure 28.4 Phage display using M13K07 or Hyperphage. After electroporating ...Figure 28.5 From people to people: the human antibody generation cycle. With...Figure 28.6 Modes of action of various antibody‐based anticancer therapies. ...Figure 28.7 Numbers of antibody‐based therapeutics approved by FDA and Europ...
29 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 First example of a human gene (growth hormone gene) expressed in...Figure 29.2 Experimental flowchart. All gene manipulations are performed in ...Figure 29.3 Gene manipulations in early mouse embryos. Holding pipette (H), ...Figure 29.4 Examples for strategies to make a gene accessible for Cre‐mediat...Figure 29.5 Chimeric founders. The efficiency of ES cell integration into C5...Figure 29.6 Gene editing. Gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9 works in every strain ...Figure 29.7 Conditional gene expression in “compound transgenic” mice. (a, C...Figure 29.8 Virus‐mediated Venus expression in the mouse brain. Expression o...
30 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Expression cassette for plant transformation and examples for pl...Figure 30.2 Binary vector for plant transformation. The binary vector system...Figure 30.3 Cre/lox‐based DNA excision. The loxP (locus of excision) system ...
31 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Biotechnological processes can differentiate between fermentatio...Figure 31.2 Screening of strain collections can make new enzymes available. ...Figure 31.3 In addition to classical screening of culturable microorganisms,...Figure 31.4 Nitrilases are suitable biocatalysts for the production of optic...Figure 31.5 Reaction mechanism of lipase.Figure 31.6 Lipase‐catalyzed racemic resolution of amines gives access to an...Figure 31.7 Directed evolution increases the stability of pyruvate decarboxy...Figure 31.8 n‐Butanol. Using metabolic engineering, pathways for the synthes...Figure 31.9 Systematic representation of glutamate biosynthesis in C. glutam...Figure 31.10 Influence of penicillin on glutamate formation and on the enzym...Figure 31.11 Selection of feedback‐deregulated mutants with antimetabolites....
32 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Simplified structural overview of the EMA. Figure 34.2 Overview of the EU centralized procedure. Refer to text for deta...Figure 34.3 Partial organizational structure of the FDA. Figure 34.4 Summary overview of the main points during a drug's lifetime at ...
33 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 From descriptive biology towards microbiology.Figure 35.2 Medical and genetic discoveries in the first half of the twentie...Figure 35.3 1953–1976: from molecular genetics toward genetic engineering....Figure 35.4 From genetic engineering toward biotechnology.Figure 35.5 From biotechnology toward genomics.
Guide
1 Glossary
8 Index
9 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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