B, proto-iso-eruboside B, eruboside B, and iso-eruboside B from A. sativum (Matsuura et al. 1988). Sativoside-B1, proto-desgalactotigonin, (25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-hydroxy-5α-furostane-3β, 6β, 26-triol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, sativoside-R1, sativoside-R2, (25R)-26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-hydroxy-5α-furostane-3β, 26-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, desgalactotigonin, and F-gitonin were identified from roots and leaves of A. sativum (Matsuura et al. 1988). Ascalonicoside A1/A2 and ascalonicoside B, furost-5(6)-en-3β,22α-diol 1β-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-26-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside], its epimer at position 22, and furost-5(6),20(22)-dien-3β-ol-1β-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-26-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside], quercetin, isorhamnetin, and their glycosides were also isolated from A. ascalonicum (Fattorusso et al. 2002).
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of A. cepa and A. ascalonicum showed the presence of rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin and kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3,4′-O-diglucoside, isorhamnetin-3,4′-O-diglucoside, and isolated compounds that demonstrated antioxidant as well as cytotoxic activities (Beesk et al. 2010; Mogren et al. 2006; Olayeriju et al. 2015; Pobłocka-Olech et al. 2016; Fredotović et al. 2017). Quercetin-3,4′-O-diglucoside and quercetin-4′-O-monoglucoside from A. cepa demonstrated antioxidant effects against free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) models (Stajner et al. 2004; Nencini et al. 2007; Jaiswal and Rizvi 2012) as well as antifungal activity (Pârvu et al. 2010). The N-feruloyltyrosine and N-feruloyl-tyramine were isolated from A. sativum and Allium porrum and exhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium culmorum as well as anticancer effects against prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and renal cell cancer (Fattorusso et al. 1999; Galeone et al. 2006; Mahmoudabadi and Nasery 2009; Pârvu et al. 2009). Quercetin 3,4′-di-O-glucoside, and quercetin 4′-glucoside were identified from A. cepa and showed antioxidant activity (Pudzianowska et al. 2012).
Phenolic acids such as caftaric acid, rutoside, gentisic acid, myricetin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercitrin, p-coumaric acid, quercetol, ferulic acid, patuletin, sinapic acid, luteolin, chicoric acid, kaempferol, hyperoside, apigenin, isoquercitrin, and steroids such as ergosterol, brassicasterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol, alliin, and allicin were identified from Allium obliquum (Vlase et al. 2013; Alpsoy et al. 2013).
The (25R and S)-5α-spirostane-2α,3β,6β-triol 3-O-(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[3-O-acetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside); (25R)-2-O-[(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl]-5-α-spirostane-2α,3β,6β-triol 3-O-(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside); (22S)-cholest-5-ene-1β,3β,16β,22-tetraol 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 16-O-(O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside); 1β,3β,16β-trihydroxycholest-5-en-22-one 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 16-O-(O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside); 1β,3β,16β-trihydroxy-α-cholestan-22-one 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 16-O-(O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside); and (22S)-cholest-5-ene-1β,3β,16β,22-tetraol 16-O-(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside) have been identified from Allium albopilosum, Allium ostrowskianum and Allium karataviense (Mimaki et al. 1993, 1994). Alliogenin 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; (25R)-3-O-acetyl-5α-spirostane-2α,3β,5,6β-tetrol-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; (25R)-3-O-benzoyl-5α-spirostane-2α,3β,5,6β-tetrol 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; (25R)-spirost-5-ene-2α,3β-diol 3-O-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside}; alliogenin 3-O{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside}; and minutoside A, minutoside B, and minutoside C have been isolated from A. albopilosum, A. ostrowskianum, and A. karataviense (Mimaki et al. 1999; Barile et al. 2007).
Tropeoside A1/A2 and tropeoside B1/B2 along with 22-O-methyl derivatives from A. cepa var. Tropea, ascalonicoside A1/A2 and ascalonicoside B were isolated from Allium asacalonicum; quercetin, quercetin 4I-glucoside, taxifolin, taxifolin 7-glucoside, and phenylalanine were from A. cepa and possess antispasmodic activity (Corea et al. 2005). Similarly, the 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5α-furost-25 (27)-ene-3β,12β,22,26-tetraol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2) [β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β-furost-20 (22)-25 (27)-dien-3β,12β,26-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside were separated from Allium macrostemon and exhibited cytotoxic activity against SF-268, while 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β-furost-20 (22)-25 (27)-dien-3β,12β,26-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside showed cytotoxicity against NCI-H460 and SF-268 cell lines (Chen et al. 2009). Yayoisaponin C, eruboside B, aginoside, (25R)-5α-spirostane-3β,6β-diol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-β-D-galactopyranoside, leucospiroside A, (25R)-5α-spirostane-2α,3β,6β-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside, (25R)-5α-spirostane-3β,6β-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside isolated from Allium leucanthum and showed cytotoxic activity (Mskhiladze et al. 2008). Alliogenin and alliogenin 3-β-D-glucopyranoside have been isolated from the bulbs of Allium giganteum Rgl (Gorovits et al. 1971). Elburzensoside A1/A2, B1/B2, C1/C2, and D1/D2; furost-2α,3β,5α,6β,22α-pentol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; furost-2α,3β,5α,6β,22α-pentol 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; furost-2α,3β,5α,22α-tetrol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; and furost-2α,3β,5α,22α-tetrol 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl]-26-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were reported from Allium elburzense (Barile et al. 2004; Zolfaghari et al. 2012), while alliogenin, alliogenin β-D-glucopyranoside, diosgenin, yuccagenin, and karatavigenin were identified from A. karataviense (Gorovits et al. 1973).
