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2.8 Albizia Species
2.8.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry
Albizia lebbeck Linn. (Fam. – Fabaceae) is most commonly known by several names such as Indian siris, flea tree, frywood, or Laback in Arabic (El Gamal et al. 2015). The aerial parts as well as roots are used in treatment of arthritis and burns (Anonymous 2001), anxiety, depression, and insomnia (Kang et al. 2007); the flower decoction enhances the muscle relaxation (Tripathi and Das 1977); treats boils, cough, the eye, flu, gingivitis, lung problems, pectoral problems, and abdominal tumors; and is used as a tonic (Tripathi et al. 1979; Babu et al. 2009). The flowers of A. lebbeck exhibit antipyretic, analgesic, estrogenic, and anti-inflammatory (Farag et al. 2013; Babu et al. 2009) as well as antithrombolytic activities (Sohaily et al. 2014). Albizia julibrissin also known as mimosa or silk tree found in Asia, Africa, Australia, and America, have flowers that are used as remedy for anxiety, depression, and insomnia in traditional Chinese medicine (Zheng et al. 2004). The ethanolic extract of bark is applied to bruises, ulcers, abscesses, boils, hemorrhoids, and fractures and has displayed cytotoxic activity (Higuchi et al. 1992). Albizia amara seeds are considered as astringent and used in the treatment of piles, diarrhea, and gonorrhea (Kokila et al. 2013). The leaves and flowers are applied to boils, eruptions, and swellings, also regarded as an emetic and as a remedy for coughs, ulcer, dandruff, and malaria (Yadava and Reddy 2001). The aerial parts of Albizia saman and Albizia inundata have good antiplasmodial and anti-candida property (Gupta et al. 2006). Albizia odoratissima is used in the treatment of leprosy, ulcers, and cough. Albizia mollis is well known for its sedative and sleeping pill properties (Zou et al. 2000). Albizia procera bark and leaves are used in wound healing as well as treatment of pregnancy and stomachache. Lipophilic extracts of Albizia gummifera demonstrated very promising anti-trypanosomal activity (Rukunga and Waterman 1996). Albizia schimperiana is used in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of bacterial and parasitic infections, notably pneumonia and malaria, respectively. Albizia zygia showed promising antimalarial activity (Muna and Hartmut 2012; Uma et al. 2008). Lipophilic extracts of A. gummifera revealed very promising anti-trypanosomal and antioxidant activity (Aliyu et al. 2009; Steinrut et al. 2011).
Budmunchiamine L4 and L5 were isolated from the crude methanol extract of the stem bark and leaves of Albizia adinocephala and inhibit the malarial enzyme plasmepsin II (Ovenden et al. 2002). From the methanolic extract of the stem bark of A. lebbeck, a new cytotoxic saponin was isolated that exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against human aqueous cell carcinoma (HSC-2 and HSC-3) (Jangwan et al. 2010). The 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl echinocystic acid; 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid; and 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyloleanolic acid were isolated from A. inundata exhibited cytotoxicity against human head and neck squamous cells (JMAR, MDA1986) and melanoma cells (B16F10, SKMEL28) (Zhang et al. 2011). Julibroside J29, J30, and J31, quercitrin and isoquercitrin, 3,5,4′- trihydroxy,7,3-dimethoxy-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-α-L-xylopyranoside, and (−)-syringaresinol-4,4′-bis-O-β-D-glucopyranoside are from the bark and flower of A. julibrissin (Liswidowati et al. 2001), while 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl] echinocystic acid, 5,2′,4′-trihydroxy-3,7,5′-trimethoxyflavonol-2′-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl] echinocystic acid, and 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl] acacic acid lactone were isolated from the bark of A. procera (Melek et al. 2007; Singab et al. 2015). Albizoside A–C, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin were identified from the bark and leaves of Albizzia chinensis (Liu et al. 2009; Ghaly et al. 2010). Vitalboside-A and vitalboside-A 2′-methylglucuronate have been reported from the bark of A. gummifera (Rukunga and Waterman 2001). Similarly, budmunchiamine L1–L6, budmunchiamine A–C, quercetin, kaempferol, 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-galactopyranosides, and albiziasaponin A, B, and C have been identified from the leaves and bark of A. lebbeck (Dixit and Misra 1997; Misra et al. 1995). Albizzine A and albiziasaponin A–E isolated from the bark and stem of Albizia myriophylla, while felipealbizine A and felipealbizine B from the leaves of Albizia inopinata; albiziatrioside A and albiziatrioside B have been isolated from whole plant of Albizia subdimidiata (Abdel-Kader et al. 2001). Lupeol, acacic acid, and lactone from Albizia versicolor, while molliside A–B, concinnoside A, and albiziasaponin A have been isolated from the bark of A. mollis (Cheng et al. 2011). 7,8-Dimethoxy-39,49-methylenedioxyflavone and 7,29,49-trimethoxyflavone from the root bark of A. odoratissima; syringaresinol from the bark of Albizia falcataria (Liswidowati et al. 2001); and grandibracteoside A, grandibracteoside B, and grandibracteoside C have been isolated from the leaves of Albizia grandibracteata (Krief et al. 2005).
3-O-[α-L-Arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid, 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxyβ-D-glucopyranosyl
