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2.9 Allium Species
2.9.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry
Allium cepa L. (Fam. – Amaryllidaceae) is considered as the largest genus of monocots (Li et al. 2010), known to be carminative and expectorant. The corms are used for treatment of diabetes, arthritis, colds and flu, stress, fever, coughs, headache, hemorrhoids, asthma, and arteriosclerosis in Iranian system of medicine (Jellin et al. 2000). The corms of Allium hirtifolium are used as remedy for rheumatic and inflammatory disorders (Jafarian et al. 2003); bulbs and pounded leaves are applied as paste on the head to treat cold, headache, and fever; the whole plant parts are used against stomachache and tuberculosis. The boiled leaves and crushed bulbs are applied to heal wounds and combat skin infections (Keusgen et al. 2006). Allium ascalonicum, Allium fistulosum, and Allium sativum showed hypoglycemic and antiseptic properties to heal wounds and anti-influenza A effects (Essman 1984; Jalal et al. 2007; Lee et al. 2012). The steroids of Allium chinense are cardioprotective (Ren et al. 2010), the A. cepa bulb is anthelmintic (Bidkar et al. 2012), and the methanolic extract of leaves of Allium stracheyi showed analgesic activities (Ranjan et al. 2010). 3,4-Dihydro-3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin, produced by a thermochemical reaction of allyl 2-propenethiosulfinate, exhibited the highest antioxidative activity (Higuchi et al. 2003). The hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, antithrombotic, anti-hyperhomocysteinemia effects, and to possess many other biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anti-asthmatic, immunomodulatory, and prebiotic activities (Corzo-Martínez et al. 2007; Ye et al. 2013; Siddiq et al. 2013). The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of A. cepa were associated with antioxidant activity, because it reduced superoxide dismutase activity in experimental rats (Campos et al. 2003).
Linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid (Ebrahimi et al. 2009; Asgarpanah and Ghanizadeh 2012); hirtifoliosides A1/A2, B, C1/C2, and D; alliogenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; gitogenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; agapanthagenin; 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; kaempferol 3-O-β-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-glucopyranoside; kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-glucopyranoside; kaempferol 3-O-glucopyranoside; and kaempferol-7-O-glucopyranoside have been isolated from A. hirtifolium flowers (Barile et al. 2005). Quercetin-O-glucoside, kaempferol-O-glucoside, quercetin-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-O-hexoside, N-γ-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine, N-γ-glutamylisoleucine, N-γ-glutamyl-S-allylthiocysteine, N-γ-glutamylphenylalanine, and 40-O-glucoside were extracted from A. cepa and A. sativum (Mimaki et al. 1994; Lee and Mitchell 2011; Farag et al. 2017). The tuberoside J, (25R)-5α-spirostan-2α,3β,27-triol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside; tuberoside K, (25R)-5α-spirostan-2α,3β,27-triol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside; and tuberoside L, 27-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5α-spirostan-2α,3β,27-triol 3-O-α-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside, and
