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2.7 Ageratum Species
2.7.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry
Ageratum conyzoides L. (Fam. – Asteraceae) is an annual, branched, height up to 1 m with hairy ovate leaves; is used as purgative, febrifuge, and to treat ulcers as well as cleaning and healing of wounds (Kerharo and Adam 1974), skin and mental problems, headaches and dyspnea (Durodola 1977). It is used as anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, and hemostatic agent (Kokwaro 1976). The aerial parts are used to treat uterine troubles as well as pneumonia by rubbing on the chest of patients (Katsuri et al. 1973; Abbiw 1990), and leprosy in India (Katsuri et al. 1973). The A. conyzoides showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrheal, insecticidal, antitumor (Sharma and Sharma 1995; Moreira et al. 2007; Adebayo et al. 2010a; Acheampong et al. 2015), antioxidant, gastroprotective, and cytotoxic effects (Galati et al. 2001; Shirwaikar et al. 2003; Preeti et al. 2009; Adebayo et al. 2010b).
The hexane extract of A. conyzoides showed the presence of 5,6,7,8,3,4,5-heptamethoxyflavone; 5,6,7,8,3-pentamethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyflavone and coumarin; 5,6,7,8,3-pentamethoxy-4,5-ethylenedioxyflavone; 5,6,7,8,3,4,5-heptamethoxyflavone, ageratochromene and 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene (Aalbersberg and Singh 1991; Moreira et al. 2007), methoxyflavones, 5,6,8,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone and 8-hydroxy-5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone (González et al. 1991a; Dũng et al. 1989), 5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,3′, 4′-pentamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,3′-tetramethoxy-4′,5′-methylenedioxyflavone (Acheampong et al. 2017), ageratochromene, β-caryophyllene, demethoxyageratochromene (Sundufu and Shoushan 2004), (2S)-7,3′,4′-trimethoxyflavanone, (2S)-7-methoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,5′-pentamethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyflavone, 5,2′-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 2′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (Munikishore et al. 2013), and 5,6,7,3′,4′,5-hexamethoxyflavone (Horie et al. 1993).
The essential amino acids like α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, borneol, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, α-cubebene, α-longipine, eugenol, copaene, β-cubebene, methyleugenol, (Z)-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, α-bergamotene, α-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, precocene I, germacrene D, viridiflorene, γ-cadinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, dihydroactinidiolide, cis-nerolidol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene oxide II, precocene II, β-bisabolol (Liu and Liu 2014), sabinene, eugenol and methyleugenol, caryophyllene epoxide, β-sesquiphellandrene, δ-cadinene, τ-cadinene, ageratochromene, 6-methoxyquinoline 1-oxide, β-caryophyllene oxide, and β-sinensal were identified from A. conyzoides (Ekundayo et al. 1988; Rana and Blazquez 2003; Wandji et al. 1996; Pham et al. 1976; Quij ano et al. 1982; Sharma et al. 1980).
Other chromene compounds such as encecalin, 6-vinyl-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene, dihydroencecalin, dihydrodemethoxyencecalin, demethoxyencecalin, demethylencecalin and 2-(1′-oxo-2′-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-6,7-dimethoxychromene, 2,2-dimethylchromene-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, 6-acetyl-2,2′-dimethyl-3,4-dihydrochromene, 6-(1-methoxy ethyl)-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene, 6-(1-hydroxy ethyl)-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene, 6-(1-ethoxyethyl)-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene, 6-angeloyloxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene, encecanescin, 2-(2′-methylethyl)-5,6-dimethoxybenzofuran, 14-hydroxy-2Hβ, 3-dihydroeuparine, 6,7,6′,7′-tetramethoxy-2,2,2′,2′-tetramethyl-3′(4′)-dehydro-3′-4S-bichromene, 3-(2′-methyl propyl)-methyl-6,8-dimethoxychrom-4-one and 2-(2′-methylprop-2′-enyl)-2-methyl-6,7-dimethoxychroman-4-one (Pari et al. 1998; Ahmed et al. 1999; González et al. 1991a; Desai et al. 1973; Srivastava et al. 1985; Katsuri et al. 1973), 5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone (Adesogan and Okunade 1979), 6-(1′-hydroxyethyl)-2,2-dimethylchromene, conyzorigun, and 7-hydroxyl-2,2-dimethylchromene were reported from hexane extract of aerial
