as a 12‐port device to describe all first‐order products...Figure 7.14 Mixer signals emitted or scattered (reflected) back from the inp...Figure 7.15 Typical connection for mixer measurements.Figure 7.16 Mixer measurement graphical user interface.Figure 7.17 A complete mixer “S‐parameter” measurements.Figure 7.18 Down/up‐conversion method for measuring phase.Figure 7.19 Phase response using down/up‐conversion.Figure 7.20 Vector mixer measurement system using a parallel path.Figure 7.21 Phase deviation for a mixer using the parallel (VMC) method.Figure 7.22 The synchronous sweeping is accomplished by a common reference a...Figure 7.23 Amplitude and phase response of a single receiver in a normal VN...Figure 7.24 Phase response of the B and R1 receivers a standard VNA (upper p...Figure 7.25 Phase stitching at synthesizer band breaks.Figure 7.26 The phase response of the IPwr and OPwr, with phase stitching is...Figure 7.27 Comparison of three methods measurement for phase deviation.Figure 7.28 Comparison of group delay responses for various methods, each of...Figure 7.29 Defining a swept LO measurement using a GUI.Figure 7.30 Fixed IF, swept RF/LO measurement of a mixer for two different I...Figure 7.31 Measuring phase response of multichannel fixed IF converters.Figure 7.32 Setup for swept LO phase‐difference measurement.Figure 7.33 Gain comparison and path‐to‐path phase difference of a multichan...Figure 7.34 Measuring the absolute phase response of a mixer.Figure 7.35 Absolute phase response of a mixer under swept LO conditions.Figure 7.36 Three‐mixer method of for measuring mixer phase on a VNA.Figure 7.37 Amplitude response of Mixer A measured using SMC and three‐mixer...Figure 7.38 The reflection method of mixer characterization is essentially a...Figure 7.39 Mixer characterized using the reflection method.Figure 7.40 The phase and delay response of a phase reference.Figure 7.41 Calibration of the VNA using a phase reference.Figure 7.42 Measured amplitude and phase response of the phase reference at ...Figure 7.43 Amplitude, phase deviation, and delay of the b2 receiver in norm...Figure 7.44 Upper: individual input and output response of the VNA receiver ...Figure 7.45 Receiver tracking for mixer test plotted as a function of VNA re...Figure 7.46 Raw and correct delay response of a mixer.Figure 7.47 Comparing the three mixer‐phase calibration methods.Figure 7.48 Delay and gain measurements with different LO frequencies.Figure 7.49 Mixer parameters SC21 and S 11, and S 33 (LO match) while making a...Figure 7.50 LO power effects on SC21 over a range of RF/IF frequencies.Figure 7.51 RF conversion gain versus frequency for various LO drive levels ...Figure 7.52 Normalized conversion gain versus frequency for various RF drive...Figure 7.53 Conversion gain vs. RF drive for several different fixed LO powe...Figure 7.54 Automated GCA measurements for the same mixer with various LO dr...Figure 7.55 Setup for measuring mixer IMD.Figure 7.56 Third‐ and fifth‐order IM product versus LO power, as well as ou...Figure 7.57 Spectrum plot of IM products at RF = −5 dBm, LO = −9 dBm.Figure 7.58 Third‐ and fifth‐order IMD power versus RF power, as well as IIP...Figure 7.59 Swept RF power IM3 and IIP3 with different LO drives.Figure 7.60 Upper: mixer IIP3 and gain versus frequency for three different ...Figure 7.61 Magnitude, phase, and delay response of a frequency doubler.Figure 7.62 Segment table for higher order products measurement.Figure 7.63 Higher‐order products measured using overlapped segments.Figure 7.64 Higher‐order products as a function of LO drive power.Figure 7.65 Using DIQ to measure higher‐order products.Figure 7.66 Measure of spurs versus LO drive power.Figure 7.67 Segment sweep provides a way to properly create a swept LO delay...Figure 7.68 Background acquisitions for software locking of an embedded LO....Figure 7.69 Comparison of software versus hardware locking for embedded LO m...Figure 7.70 Measurement setup for IQ up‐converter testing.Figure 7.71 IQ up‐converter setup UI.Figure 7.72 Example trace definitions for IQ up‐converters.Figure 7.73 Measurement of IQ up‐converter.Figure 7.74 LO feed‐through, image rejection and gain (upper); I/Q input imb...Figure 7.75 Image rejection as a function of amplitude and phase imbalance....Figure 7.76 Image rejection after a fixed phase and amplitude offset in the ...Figure 7.77 Measurement block diagram for an I/Q down‐converter.Figure 7.78 IQ power and image power on an IQ down‐converter.Figure 7.79 I and Q individual and relative amplitude (upper), and phase (lo...8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Illustrating the resolution of the RBW filter.Figure 8.2 Comparison of filter shapes: Gaussian, flat‐top, and uniform.Figure 8.3 Spectrum analyzer block diagram up/down‐conversion.Figure 8.4 Diagram of SA tracking YIG filter, with FFT detection.Figure 8.5 Images of a single CW signal, as measured on a non‐image‐protecte...Figure 8.6 Images of two LO settings. Only one signal remains in the same pl...Figure 8.7 Raw IF response of a VNA‐based spectrum analysis mode.Figure 8.8 Corrected IF response.Figure 8.9 Comparing amplitude accuracy for different SA channel FFT widths....Figure 8.10 Response of VNA‐based FFT SA with different FFT widths.Figure 8.11 Swept‐mode SA measurement of an AWGN signal.Figure 8.12 CDF curve for an AWGN signal and a QPSK signal.Figure 8.13 CCDF cures of AWGN and QPSK signals.Figure 8.14 The time‐domain amplitude (in dBm) of an AWGN signal.Figure 8.15 Arb signal with 101 tones, zero phase, in the time domain.Figure 8.16 FFT mode SA measurement of an AWGN signal.Figure 8.17 Swept‐mode SA measurement with slow sweep time.Figure 8.18 Swept‐mode measurement of AWGN signal with 30 kHz VBW.Figure 8.19 FFT mode measurement of AWGN with 30 kHz VBW.Figure 8.20 Measure of AWGN signal with 75 kHz RBW.Figure 8.21 AWGN signal where RBW acquisition time is longer than the wavefo...Figure 8.22 Swept‐mode display with narrow RBW matches FFT mode.Figure 8.23 Close‐in spectrum of AWGN waveform showing multitone components....Figure 8.24 Coherent time averaging (or vector averaging) reduces noise on a...Figure 8.25 Band‐power measurements show difference between using peak and a...Figure 8.26 Band‐power readings don't change with change in RBW.Figure 8.27 Lowering the RBW lowers the minimum detectable power with multit...Figure 8.28 Same measurement as above with 20 dB lower signal power.Figure 8.29 Vector averaging used to improve detection sensitivity.Figure 8.30 Vector averaging improves power detection in normal band‐power m...Figure 8.31 Amplitude accuracy in swept mode SA at 24 GHz center frequency: ...Figure 8.32 Wideband power accuracy of VNA spectrum analyzer mode.Figure 8.33 IMD measurements with offsets in the main tone power.Figure 8.34 Projecting IM tones to obtain the IP3 point.Figure 8.35 SA and VNA measurement of IM spectrums.Figure 8.36 Swept‐power IMD measurements.Figure 8.37 Swept‐center frequency IMD measurements.Figure 8.38 Swept‐delta frequency IMD measurements.Figure 8.39 Block diagram of combined source with isolators.Figure 8.40 Source‐generated IMD due to direct cross‐modulation with and wit...Figure 8.41 Receiver‐generated IMD in swept IMD mode, at +5 dBm input, with ...Figure 8.42 Spectrum of an AWGN driven into an amplifier that is non‐linear....Figure 8.43 ACPR measure of a 64QAM signal measured through an amplifier; lo...Figure 8.44 Multicarrier adjacent channel level measurements with one channe...Figure 8.45 Traditional setup for generating an NPR signal.Figure 8.46 CCDF curve of a noise‐like waveform generated from a random phas...Figure 8.47 NPR signal with band‐power markers.Figure 8.48 NPR using Band Noise markers to get a direct reading of NPR.Figure 8.49 NPR signal with no corrections.Figure 8.50 Corrected NPR signal.Figure 8.51 NPR measurement using mutitone detection methods.Figure 8.52 NPR with vector averaging.Figure 8.53 Mapping data to IQ space.Figure 8.54 Filtering the IQ waveform.Figure 8.55 Mapping IQ to a constellation diagram.Figure 8.56 Gain, delay, and clipping on a signal.Figure 8.57 Sampling the signal at the symbol rate.Figure 8.58 Filtering the received signal.Figure 8.59 Renormalizing the received signal.Figure 8.60 Time aligning the signal.Figure 8.61 Resampling and the delta IQ waveforms.Figure 8.62 I and Q magnitude‐squared waveforms.Figure 8.63 Measuring EVM with a VNA.Figure 8.64 QPSK and QAM signals; upper plot is constellation diagrams, and ...Figure 8.65 Display from PNA‐X Modulation Distortion application, with equal...Figure 8.66 High‐order products from a two‐stage frequency converter.Figure 8.67 Measurement of the three ports (RF – input, LO, and IF – output)...Figure 8.68 Measurements of an unstable spur using traditional swept SA (upp...Figure 8.71 Time‐gated spectrum analysis (upper) and pulse profile (lower)....Figure 8.69 Spectrum of a signal pulsed with 1 μs with 10% duty cycle....Figure 8.70 Wideband spectrum of a pulsed signal.Figure 8.72 Measuring a close‐in spur in a pulsed signal. The upper plot sho...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Noise bandwidth of a VNA with zero‐IF receiver.Figure 9.2 Noise variation over 1000 samples, with a 1 or 100 averaging.Figure 9.3 Measured error versus input noise power.Figure 9.4 Y‐factor computation based on hot and cold sources, and effects o...Figure 9.5 Noise figure computed from cold source; also shown is the Y‐facto...Figure 9.6 Noise parameters describe the noise figure as a function of sourc...Figure 9.7 An
