Welding Metallurgy. Sindo Kou

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Epitaxial Growth at the Fusion Line 9.2 Nonepitaxial Growth at the Fusion Line 9.3 Growth of Columnar Grains 9.4 Effect of Welding Parameters on Columnar Grains 9.5 Control of Columnar Grains 9.6 Nucleation Mechanisms of Equiaxed Grains 9.7 Grain Refining 9.8 Identifying Grain‐Refining Mechanisms 9.9 Grain‐Boundary Migration References Further Reading Problems 10 Microsegregation 10.1 Microsegregation in Welds 10.2 Effect of Travel Speed on Microsegregation 10.3 Effect of Primary Solidification Phase on Microsegregation 10.4 Effect of Maximum Solid Solubility on Microsegregation References Further Reading Problems 11 Macrosegregation 11.1 Macrosegregation in the Fusion Zone 11.2 Quick Freezing of One Liquid Metal in Another 11.3 Macrosegregation in Dissimilar‐Filler Welding 11.4 Macrosegregation in Dissimilar‐Metal Welding 11.5 Reduction of Macrosegregation 11.6 Macrosegregation in Multiple‐Pass Welds References Further Reading Problems 12 Some Alloy‐Specific Microstructures and Properties 12.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels 12.2 Low‐Carbon, Low‐Alloy Steels 12.3 Ultralow Carbon Bainitic Steels 12.4 Creep‐Resistant Steels References Further Reading Problems 13 Solidification Cracking 13.1 Characteristics of Solidification Cracking 13.2 Theories of Solidification Cracking 13.3 Binary Alloys and Analytical Equations 13.4 Solidification Cracking Tests 13.5 Solidification Cracking of Stainless Steels 13.6 Factors Affecting Solidification Cracking 13.7 Reducing Solidification Cracking References Further Reading Problems 14 Ductility‐Dip Cracking 14.1 Characteristics of Ductility‐Dip Cracking 14.2 Theories of Ductility‐Dip Cracking 14.3 Test Methods 14.4 Ductility‐Dip Cracking of Ni‐Base Alloys 14.5 Ductility‐Dip Cracking of Stainless Steels References Further Reading Problems

      5  Part III: The Partially Melted Zone 15 Liquation in the Partially Melted Zone 15.1 Formation of the Partially Melted Zone 15.2 Liquation Mechanisms 15.3 Directional Solidification of Liquated Material 15.4 Grain‐Boundary Segregation 15.5 Loss of Strength and Ductility 15.6 Hydrogen Cracking 15.7 Effect of Heat Input 15.8 Effect of Arc Oscillation References Problems 16 Liquation Cracking 16.1 Liquation Cracking in Arc Welding 16.2 Liquation Cracking in Resistance Spot Welding 16.3 Liquation Cracking in Friction Stir Welding 16.4 Liquation Cracking in Dissimilar‐Metal FSW References Problems

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