ascites, likely representing an exudate, seen ad...Figure 16.11. (A) Linear foreign body producing plication of the small bowel...Figure 16.12. (A) Disrupted bowel wall (cursors) secondary to perforation. (...Figure 16.13. (A) Small bowel wall thickening and loss of normal layering (a...Figure 16.14. (A) Intercostal imaging in the pediatric canine. (B) Peritoneo...Figure 16.15. (A) Intercostal approach for imaging patients with a very smal...Figure 16.16. Examples of intrahepatic shunts. (A) Intrahepatic ductal porto...Figure 16.17. Hydrocephalus, imaging through open fontanelle. (A) Increased ...Figure 16.18. (A) Renal dysplasia; abnormal kidney structure; note loss of n...Figure 16.19. (A) Thickened urinary bladder wall (cursors) associated with c...Figure 16.20. (A) Patent urachus imaged sagittally at the apex of the bladde...17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1. Air rises and fluid falls. Air rises (nongravity dependent) and...Figure 17.2. The five acoustic windows of TFAST in a standing dog. There is ...Figure 17.3. Most efficient way to perform the AFAST‐TFAST echo view blend i...Figure 17.4. AFAST‐TFAST blend with a dog in right modified lateral‐sternal ...Figure 17.5. The chest tube site view in standing and lateral recumbency in ...Figure 17.6. The “gator sign” and anatomy of the intercostal space....Figure 17.7. The “one‐eyed gator.” Unlabeled in (A) with a...Figure 17.8. Chest tube site and the caudodorsal transition zone (CdTZ). The...Figure 17.9. The “curtain sign” identifies the caudodorsal transition zone....Figure 17.10. Effect of gain on the chest tube site view. (A–C) Images of th...Figure 17.11. Angle of insonation for “lung sliding.” In (A) is ...Figure 17.12. Anatomy at the CTS view and the “gator sign” orientation. In (...Figure 17.13. Pitfall of lateral recumbency and being over the top of the th...Figure 17.14. Differences of the heart between left and right pericardial vi...Figure 17.15. TFAST echo views – too shallow a depth is dangerous. Thi...Figure 17.16. Finding the heart and short‐ and long‐axis lines. ...Figure 17.17. “TFAST slide” for pleural effusion from the left pericardial s...Figure 17.18. “TFAST slide” for pleural effusion from the right pericardial ...Figure 17.19. Knuckling the probe for short‐ and long‐axis right TFAST peric...Figure 17.20. Working the short‐axis TFAST echo lines. In (A) the prob...Figure 17.21. TFAST pericardial site echo views: rogue orientation, eyeballi...Figure 17.22. Right TFAST pericardial site short‐axis echo views: rogue orie...Figure 17.23. Right TFAST pericardial site short‐axis echo views: rogue orie...Figure 17.24. Long‐axis right TFAST pericardial site echo view in a standing...Figure 17.25. Rogue version of the TFAST pericardial site echo chart and its...Figure 17.26. Classic version of the TFAST pericardial site echo chart and i...Figure 17.27. Diaphragmatico‐hepatic view in a standing dog. In (A) th...
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1. Dry aerated normal lung and pneumothorax. Shown in the top row ...Figure 18.2. Correlation of line drawings and B‐mode still image for B‐lines...Figure 18.3. Correlating images with pseudo B‐lines and overlays. In t...Figure 18.4. Pseudo pleural effusion from the gastric wall. Shown in (A) and...Figure 18.5. The “lung point” on a cross‐section of the thorax....Figure 18.6. The “lung point” with the finding of “lung sliding....Figure 18.7. Differences in positioning and the effect on the location of th...Figure 18.8. The “parking garage ‐ skyscraper effect” for the “lung point....Figure 18.9. Pneumothorax and the TFAST PTX 1/3s Rule. (A) Performing Vet BL...Figure 18.10. M‐mode findings correlated to line drawings and B‐mode images....Figure 18.11. Power Doppler for “lung sliding.” Shown in (A) is the us...Figure 18.12. Subcutaneous emphysema and probe pressure technique. In (A) is...Figure 18.13. Subcutaneous emphysema and its B‐mode appearance. (A) Ca...Figure 18.14. The “step sign.” The “step sign” is the loss of the expe...Figure 18.15. Anatomy of the heart and its right TFAST pericardial short‐axi...Figure 18.16. Right pericardial short‐axis views and their danger zone....Figure 18.17. Most reliable echo views for pericardial effusion. (A–D) show ...Figure 18.18. Imaging strategy for PCE is toward the muscular apex of the he...Figure 18.19. “One view is no view” – composite of multiple views for the ac...Figure 18.20. Integration of information in PCE and the presence and absence...Figure 18.21. Composite of images in a dog with a left atrial tear secondary...Figure 18.22. The “cardiac gallbladder” in a case series of dogs....Figure 18.23. The “cardiac gallbladder” in a cat. In rows (A) th...Figure 18.24. Composite of pleural effusion in a cat. Same images are shown ...Figure 18.25. Pitfall of pericardial FAST at the TFAST PCS views. In (A) and...Figure 18.26. Pitfall of pericardial fat. Shown is from the left TFAST PCS t...Figure 18.27. Hemothorax in a bluntly traumatized dog occult on thoracic rad...Figure 18.28. TFAST is better for patient care than the “flash” approach....Figure 18.29. Peritoneopericardial hernia detected during TFAST. The cat pre...Figure 18.30. Diaphragmatic hernia in a dog. The same concept in the cat in ...Figure 18.31. Composite of echo views from the right TFAST PCS view. The top...Figure 18.32. Composite for how TFAST echo views are a screening test for va...Figure 18.33. Composite of the TFAST echo views and expected normals and abn...Figure 18.34. TFAST goal‐directed template.
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1. Dog on an echo table in right lateral recumbency with the sonog...Figure 19.2. A cat in sternal recumbency with a rolled‐up towel under the fo...Figure 19.3. Dog with transducer probe positioned on the right recumbent sid...Figure 19.4. Normal right parasternal short‐axis views at heart base optimiz...Figure 19.5. Normal M‐mode views of the left heart. (A) Normal M‐mode ...Figure 19.6. Dog with transducer probe positioned on the recumbent right sid...Figure 19.7. Dog with the probe positioned on the left hemithorax (nonrecumb...Figure 19.8. Normal two‐dimensional image of the left ventricular outflow tr...Figure 19.9. Dog positioned for subcostal views with the probe positioned ju...Figure 19.10. Subcostal view of fluctuations of caudal vena cava diameter du...
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1. Right parasternal long‐axis view of severe left atrial enlargem...Figure 20.2. Right parasternal short‐axis view of severe left atrial enlarge...Figure 20.3. Right parasternal long‐axis view of the left ventricular outflo...Figure 20.4. Canine dilated cardiomyopathy. (A) Right parasternal long‐axis ...Figure 20.5. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Right parasternal short‐axi...Figure 20.6. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its complications. Right...Figure 20.7. Large right atrial tumor and pericardial effusion in a dog. Rig...Figure 20.8. Large heart base tumor, likely a chemodectoma, in a dog with pe...Figure 20.9. Canine pulmonary hypertension. (A) Right parasternal short axis...Figure 20.10. Subcostal view of severe caudal vena caval and hepatic venous ...Figure 20.11. Subcostal view of fluctuations of the caudal vena caval diamet...
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1. Right parasternal short‐axis view of pericardial effusion in a ...Figure 21.2. Subxiphoid (or diaphragmatic hepatic) view of pericardial effus...Figure 21.3. Cardiac tamponade, right atrial tumor, and heart base tumor. (A...Figure 21.4. Right atrial mass (probable hemangiosarcoma) in a dog with peri...Figure 21.5. Left atrial tear in a dog with advanced degenerative mitral val...Figure 21.6. Ultrasound‐assisted pericardiocentesis in a dog. (A) Afte...
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1. Vet BLUE performed in standing showing correlation with lung re...Figure 22.2. Gator sign orientation externally on a dog. Shown in (A) is the...Figure 22.3. Gator sign orientation on B‐mode. The “gator sign” orient...Figure 22.4. Depth and proportionality. Depth is generally set at 4–8 cm (up...Figure 22.5. Difference in appearance of longitudinal versus transverse orie...Figure 22.6. Optimizing the image – gain, depth, and focus cursor. Maj...Figure 22.7. The effect of angle of insonation and lung ultrasound artifacts...Figure 22.8. Imaging the “lung line” and angle of insonation. (A...Figure 22.9. Caudodorsal transition zone depicted radiographically. All imag...Figure 22.10. Caudodorsal transition zone on B‐mode and “curtain sign....Figure 22.11. Left‐sided Vet BLUE views. The lateral thoracic radiogra...Figure 22.12. Right‐sided Vet BLUE views. The lateral thoracic radiogr...Figure 22.13. The cranial transition zone. The top image shows Vet BLUE on a...Figure 22.14. Vet BLUE DH view. The view is shown without (A) and with (B) t...Figure 22.15. Determining and following the Vet BLUE line. In (A) and (C) th...Figure 22.16. Vet BLUE protocol and its three intercostal spaces. In (A) and...Figure 22.17. Boundaries of lung. The boundaries of lung are correlated to t...Figure 22.18. Ribs versus costochondral junction. (A–C) Images from the same...Figure 22.19. Subcutaneous emphysema. Shown in (A) is radiographically evide...Figure 22.20. Wet Versus dry lung. Shown in (A) and (B) are a line drawing o...Figure 22.21. B‐lines
