of the e...61 Chapter 6.6Figure 1 Effect of the nature of the alkali halide added on the emission spe...Figure 2 Effect of the CsBr fraction x on the emission spectra of Tm3+ in (1...Figure 3 Effect of the Ho3+ concentration on the emission spectrum of doped ...Figure 4 Dependence of multiphonon relaxation rates at room temperature on e...Figure 5 Temperature dependence of multiphonon relaxation rates in Dy3+ [6]....Figure 6 Radial distribution functions of Tm3+ ions determined from EXAFS re...Figure 7 Emission spectra of Dy3+ in Ge–Ga–Sb–Se glasses for the concentrati...Figure 8 Effect of 0.1 mol % codoping on the emission spectra of Dy3+‐bearin...Figure 9 Emission measurements on a Ge–Ga–Sb–Se fiber doped with 0.02 mol % ...Figure 10 Emission spectra of Pr3+ singly doped Ge–Ga–Sb–Se glasses. (a) Eff...Figure 11 Effect of codoping on the emission spectra of selenide glasses dop...Figure 12 Influence of the pumping wavelength on the fluorescence emission s...Figure 13 The physics of a semiconducting quantum dot. (a) Zero‐dimensional ...Figure 14 Absorption spectra of PbS quantum dots in a silicate glass. (a) Sh...Figure 15 Two‐band photoluminescence of CdS quantum dots in a silicate glass...Figure 16 Room‐temperature optical properties of PbSe quantum dots in a glas...Figure 17 Evaluation from TEM image analyses of the number density of PbS qu...Figure 18 Effect of the size of CdSe quantum dots in silicate glass on LED c...
62 Chapter 6.7Figure 1 Basic processes of glass‐surface technology.Figure 2 Flame polishing in production.Figure 3 Optical profilometry images of glassware surface that is formed by ...Figure 4 Glassware partially corroded (in the middle part) during dishwashin...Figure 5 Sketch of the flame‐polishing process: evaporation and condensation...Figure 6 Holes about 1 μm in diameter formed after dishwashing as seen in he...Figure 7 White‐light interferometry image of a patterned glass surface [20]....Figure 8 Process flow of the aluminum‐induced texturing method.Figure 9 Atomic‐force micrograph of a textured glass surface after the alumi...Figure 10 Application fields of modified glass surfaces: present situation a...
63 Chapter 6.8Figure 1 Overview of the most common physical and chemical processes for thi...Figure 2 Cross‐sections of models of the initial modes of thin‐film growth f...Figure 3 Anatase (TiO2) thin films deposited at 200 °C on float‐glass surfac...Figure 4 Density ranges of TiO2 thin films deposited by traditional (sol gel...Figure 5 Spectral transmission and reflectance of indium‑tin oxide films (th...Figure 6 Decrease of light transmission with an increasing number of Ag laye...Figure 7 The actual multilayer structure of low‐emissivity glasses: the thin...Figure 8 Light transmission of a series of soda‐lime float glass: (a) standa...
64 Chapter 6.9Figure 1 Yablochkov’ candle: an electric arc produced by two carbon electrod...Figure 2 Sketch of an incandescent lamp.Figure 3 Automotive lamps with either a metal (left) or a wedge (right) base...Figure 4 Sketch of a tungsten‐halogen lamp.Figure 5 Various types of fluorescent lamps: straight tube, circular line, c...Figure 6 Sketch of a high‐pressure mercury lamp.Figure 7 Sketch of a commercial white LED.Figure 8 A quantum dot packaging under development.Figure 9 A simplified sketch of the light‐emitting mechanism of an OLED.Figure 10 Effects of the indices of refraction of the glass substrate and IT...Figure 11 Inclusion of a highly refractive glass and a light‐diffusive struc...
65 Chapter 6.10Figure 1 The many different functions of glass in a cellular phone. The exam...Figure 2 Size increase with time of mother glass in TFT‐LCD.Figure 3 An early image produced by William Crookes (1832–1919) with a catho...Figure 4 Sketch of a television cathode‐ray tube.Figure 5 Thermal compaction of a glass upon structural relaxation in the gla...Figure 6 Thermal compaction upon annealing near the glass transition range. ...Figure 7 Sketch of a liquid‐crystal display. Alkali‐free glasses are used fo...Figure 8 Sketch of a plasma‐display panel. High‐strain‐point glasses are use...Figure 9 Sketch of an organic light‐emitting diode. Transparent electrode (I...Figure 10 Functions of the optical filter of a plasma‐display panel.
66 Section VIIFigure 1 The oldest known glass phases, dating back to the beginnings of the...
67 Chapter 7.1Figure 1 Ferromagnesian chondrules and calcium, aluminum‐rich inclusions cem...Figure 2 Within glassy matrices, the varying textures of chondrules in the S...Figure 3 Time–temperature pathway for the formation of chondrules and calciu...Figure 4 Lunar colorful glass beads collected by the Apollo 15 and 17 missio...Figure 5 (a) Petrographic thin section of Apollo 16 regolith breccia 60016 w...Figure 6 Stony cosmic spherules; largest about 300 μm in diameter. Scanning ...Figure 7 Influence of the initial speed and angle of entry in the atmosphere...Figure 8 Meteoroids entry in the Earth's atmosphere. Most tiny particles bur...Figure 9 Sketch of silicate melt ascent in planetesimals. Moderate radiogeni...
68 Chapter 7.2Figure 1 Compositions of natural glasses in the simplified total alkalis vs....Figure 2 Fulgurites. (a) Silica fulgurite as seen along the horizontal axis ...Figure 3 Libyan Desert glass, with polished surface produced by sand blastin...Figure 4 Tektite from the Australasian strewn field. Aerodynamic shape resul...Figure 5 Pseudotachylite as formed by melting of a gneiss (consisting mainly...Figure 6 Pelé's hair and tears (small black droplets) from the Piton de la F...Figure 7 Reticulite from unknown origin.Figure 8 Crystallinity contrasts in columnar basalt as seen in thin sections...Figure 9 Coexisting crystals, glass and bubbles in a rapidly quenched lava f...Figure 10 Bubble generation in a volcanic conduit (at the top of the fragmen...Figure 11 Obsidian from Armenia showing layering of transparent and banded o...Figure 12 Blade edges from a lab compressed banded obsidian. Tiny lighter po...Figure 13 Apache tears: a perlite with obsidians inclusions from Superior, A...Figure 14 Viscosity range (in log units of Pa·s) for natural magmas and some...
69 Chapter 7.3Figure 1 After the onset of colonization (panel A), biotic glass corrosion m...Figure 2 Putative microbial alteration of glass. (a) TEM image of glass and ...Figure 3 Biologically mediated glass alteration model based on congruent dis...Figure 4 Abiotic alteration (t0–t4, panels A–E). Palagonite rinds form at th...Figure 5 Alteration of sideromelane (basaltic glass) by seawater. (a) SEM im...Figure 6 Corrosion of glass and formation of palagonite by dissolution–repre...Figure 7 Abiotic corrosion of basaltic glass. Palagonite rim initially forms...
70 Chapter 7.4Figure 1 Sketch of the continuous casting process. (a) Ladle, tundish, and m...Figure 2 Sketch of slag/metal entrapment. (a) Metal flow pattern in the mold...Figure 3 Composition ranges for metallurgical slags shown as a ternary diagr...Figure 4 Ellingham diagram: Gibbs free energy of the reactions x M + O2 = MxFigure 5 Values of ln viscosity (dPa s) at 1900 K for various silicates and ...Figure 6 Effect of the polymerization parameter Q on viscosity. (a) Values o...Figure 7 Effect of the polymerization parameter Q on the electrical resistiv...Figure 8 Thermal conductivity of Na2O–CaO–SiO2 slags of similar composition....
71 Chapter 7.5Figure 1 Process scheme for the productions of water glass and related mater...Figure 2 Ternary diagram Na2O–SiO2–H2O; crystalline Na2O⋅SiO2⋅nH2O with diff...Figure 3 Concentrations of silicate species in equilibrium with colloidal si...Figure 4 Mass content of colloidal size classes measured by dynamic light sc...Figure 5 Effect of dilution with deionized water on the pH of sodium water g...
72 Chapter 7.6Figure 1 The Na2O·B2O3·SiO2 phase diagram, with estimated compositional limi...Figure 2 Coexistence of B(III) and B(IV) in Pyrex glass as clearly revealed ...Figure 3 Variations of boron speciation upon processing of Vycor glass shown...Figure 4 Compositional dependence of fourfold coordinated boron in alkali bo...Figure 5 Effect of Si–B substitution on boron speciation in 17 Na2O·x B2O3·(...Figure 6 11B MAS NMR spectra for (a) a boron‐rich glass with composition 17 ...Figure 7 Increase in the B(IV) fraction in a sodium borosilicate glass upon ...Figure 8 Effects of permanent densification on the boron speciation of two b...
73 Chapter 7.7Figure 1 Different glass container types: ampoule,
