types, yea...Figure 4 The Danner and Vello glass‐tubing processes, drawing glass horizont...Figure 5 Forming process from glass tube to vial. The various steps include ...Figure 6 Schematic representation of a glass container production line. Diff...Figure 7 As apparent in a probability plot for vertical breaking of cartridg...Figure 8 Mechanism of glass delamination in pharmaceutical glass vials. Inse...Figure 9 Tungsten residues of the inner surface of a syringe cone as seen as...74 Chapter 7.8Figure 1 Jänecke's triangular prism for the Y–Si–Al–O–N system showing the c...Figure 2 Bridging of SiO4 tetrahedra. (a) Via a bridging oxygen connecting t...Figure 3 Average number of nitrogen atoms bonded to each silicon as a functi...Figure 4 Linear increases of Young's modulus of oxynitride glasses with incr...Figure 5 Glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of oxynitride glasses increases l...Figure 6 Effect of nitrogen content on viscosity (log scale) for oxynitride ...Figure 7 Schematic plot showing the combined effects of cation field strengt...
75 Chapter 7.9Figure 1 The Qn speciation of phosphate groups. Resonances indicated by d...Figure 2 Exponential increase in the theoretical chain length of phosphates ...Figure 3 Changes of Qn speciation as a function of composition apparent i...Figure 4 The dramatic effect of strong modifiers on glass transition tempera...Figure 5 Contrast between the effects of composition on viscosity at high te...Figure 6 Abbe diagram for a range of different glass types (Chapter 6.1), ba...Figure 7 Continuously produced bars of phosphate glass highly doped with neo...
76 Chapter 7.10Figure 1 A typical DSC thermogram of a metallic glass crystallizing though m...Figure 2 Two‐step glass transition of Au49Cu26.9Ag5.5Pd2.3Si16.3 in heat‐cap...Figure 3 Room‐temperature cell of glassy Fe produced by a molecular‐dynamics...Figure 4 Pair‐distribution function of a Cu–Zr–Ti alloy determined from sync...Figure 5 The first two Gaussian peaks at 298 K of the pair‐distribution func...Figure 6 The structure of Zr62.5Cu22.5Fe5Al10 glass directly observed by ele...Figure 7 Bright‐field transmission electron micrograph showing a two‐phase s...Figure 8 Electron‐microscopy micrographs of a porous Pd42.5Cu30Ni7.5P20 glas...Figure 9 Comparison between the compressive stress–strain curves of porous (...Figure 10 Electron microscopy micrographs of icosahedral quasicrystals in th...Figure 11 The wavy, or serrated, stress‐deformation relationship of a 2 : 1 ...Figure 12 Strain–stress curves of a 1 : 2 (height to diameter ratio) cylinde...Figure 13 Thermal properties of the Zr62.5Cu22.5Fe5Al10 glass cylinders afte...Figure 14 Schematic representation of strain‐rate dependence of the fracture...Figure 15 Stress and stress drops as a function of plastic strain for the cy...Figure 16 Boundary between the amorphous (left) and crystalline (right) phas...Figure 17 The three successive deformation regimes A, B, and C in the strain...Figure 18 A typical magnetization curve of a Fe–Co‐based metallic glass.Figure 19 Scanning electron microscopy microphotographs: (a) and (b) are Si ...Figure 20 The structure of a Zr–Pd metallic nanoglass studied by scanning el...Figure 21 A bulk metallic glass piece: a 5‐cm long Zr–Cu–Fe–Al alloy rod.
77 Chapter 7.11Figure 1 Code 9606 glass‐ceramic, containing cordierite as main crystalline ...Figure 2 The two limiting case of crystal growth in glass [6]. Top: homogene...Figure 3 Crystal nucleation and growth in a lithium aluminosilicate glass as...Figure 4 Diversity of microstructures in terms of crystal sizes and shapes o...Figure 5 Projection along the c axes of the crystal structures of β‐quartz (...Figure 6 Examples of Eurokera products made from glass‐ceramics containing a...Figure 7 Relative transparency of glass‐ceramics produced by Eurokera as ind...Figure 8 Sketch of the machinable glass Fotoform and machinable glass‐cerami...Figure 9 Examples of pieces produced from machinable Macor glass‐ceramic (Co...
78 Section VIIIFigure 1 The astonishing shaping versatility of biogenic amorphous silica: t...
79 Chapter 8.1Figure 1 The extreme morphological variety of diatom frustules and the speci...Figure 2 Haeckel's drawings of radiolarites as a source of architectural ins...Figure 3 The Venus flower basket of the Euplectella aspergillumsponge[8]. Si...Figure 4 The diversity of shapes of phytoliths found in 10 000–5 000‐year ol...Figure 5 The concentric structure of a basalia spicule of the Euplectella as...Figure 6 Scanning electron micrograph revealing the hierarchical distributio...Figure 7 The 2‐D periodic network of Coscinodiscus sp.Figure 8 Diatomite exploitation in an open‐pit mine at Foufouilloux (Cantal,...
80 Chapter 8.2Figure 1 Range of products that can be prepared via sol–gel processing.Figure 2 Alkoxide sol–gel reactions: hydrolysis; water‐ and alcohol‐forming ...Figure 3 Flowchart of the silica‐titania sol–gel process, with pH ≤ 2.Figure 4 Sol–gel film deposition methods: (a) spin‐coating and (b) dip‐coati...Figure 5 Transmission electron microscopy images of sol–gel silica nanoparti...Figure 6 Examples of sol–gel prepared photonic crystals: (a) Fabry–Perot mic...Figure 7 Scanning electron micrograph of nano/macroporous scaffold for bone ...
81 Chapter 8.3Figure 1 Translucency of silica‐aerogel granulates where Rayleigh scattering...Figure 2 Growing interest in silica aerogels as illustrated first by patents...Figure 3 Sol–gel synthesis of a surface‐modified aerogel.Figure 4 Microstructure of a typical silica aerogel. (a) Pearl‐necklace stru...Figure 5 Surface chemistry of a TEOS‐based silica aerogel. (a) As probed by ...Figure 6 Minimum in the thermal conductivity of aerogels at intermediate den...Figure 7 Density‐dependent uniaxial compression curves for silica aerogels [...Figure 8 Some applications of silica aerogels. (a) Building retrofit with He...
82 Chapter 8.4Figure 1 Decreasing concentrations of modifier ions (spheres) and increasing...Figure 2 Schematic of the sol–gel process and foaming step that can be intro...Figure 3 Four typical initial ion release profiles for dynamic dissolution e...Figure 4 Time point of first apatite formation for Na2O–CaO–SiO2 silicate gl...Figure 5 (a) Apatite surface layer formed on the fluoride‐containing bioacti...Figure 6 (a) Histomorphological results showing calcein fluorescence‐labeled...Figure 7 Healing of infection and inflammation of bone marrow (osteomyelitisFigure 8 Scaffolds prepared from melt‐derived bioactive glass by (a) gel‐cas...Figure 9 Scanning electron microscope images of a dentine disc at seven days...
83 Chapter 8.5Figure 1 Glass‐ceramics for dental restoration. (a) Dental bridge, lithium d...Figure 2 Leucite‐based glass‐ceramics used in IPS Empress®. (a) Crystal stru...Figure 3 From crystal structure to glass‐ceramics. Reproduced from [1] with ...Figure 4 Crystal structure of fluorapatite. Reproduced from [1] with permiss...
84 Chapter 8.6Figure 1 Relaxation in molecular liquids at different temperatures. (a) Norm...Figure 2 Crossover from simple dynamics at highest temperature to glassy dyn...Figure 3 Relaxation in molecular liquids in different representations. (a) D...Figure 4 Relaxation at different temperatures and pressures: isochronal supe...Figure 5 Reorientational correlation times of molecular liquids (solid symbo...Figure 6 Reorientational correlation times of molecular liquids. (a) Arrheni...Figure 7 Relaxation times at different temperatures and pressures: temperatu...Figure 8 Molecular dynamics simulations of spatially heterogeneous dynamics ...Figure 9 Molecular dynamics simulations of highly mobile particles in a mono...Figure 10 Number of dynamically correlated molecules in various glass‐formin...Figure 11 Molecular dynamics simulations of confined water. (a) Snapshot of ...Figure 12 Double glass transition in binary mixtures. (a) 2‐Methyltetrahydro...Figure 13 Dielectric relaxation of small molecules in dynamically asymmetric...Figure 14 Dynamics of 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran either pure or in a mixture wi...Figure 15 Indication of pronounced dynamic heterogeneities in binary glass f...Figure 16 Double relaxation of sorbitol: α‐ and β‐process. (a) Evi...Figure 17 Johari–Goldstein relaxation observed in 2H NMR solid‐echo spectra ...Figure 18 Relaxation in plastic crystals. (a) Time constants of the α‐ ...Figure 19 Lack of secondary relaxation apparent in broadband dielectric spec...Figure 20 The 90° jumps of cyanoadamantane molecules in the plastic crystal ...
85 Chapter
