of waste glass generated by municipal solid waste.Figure 3 Cullet treatment process. CSP, rejects of ceramic, stones, and porc...Figure 4 Mixed glass cullet.Figure 5 Sketch of a typical sorting machine for cullet.98 Chapter 9.10Figure 1 Sketch of an incineration plant from waste delivery to incineration...Figure 2 The heterogeneous nature of bottom ash. (a) As seen with the eye. (...Figure 3 A scrap glass fragment of bottom ash shown in a backscattered scann...Figure 4 Transparent glass with yellow and brown schlieren. In the dark part...Figure 5 Crystallization of oxides and pyroxene along the dark schlieren in ...Figure 6 The heterogeneity of fly ash as seen in a backscattering electron i...
99 Chapter 9.11Figure 1 Operation of industrial vitrification plants around the world.Figure 2 Pd–Te (spherical) and RuO2 (needle‐shaped) metallic precipitates un...Figure 3 Partially crystallized beads enriched in molybdenum, phosphorus, an...Figure 4 Summary of the distinct stages of nuclear glass corrosion and relat...Figure 5 Two‐step vitrification process of nuclear waste with either “cold” ...Figure 6 Sketch of an LFCM liquid‐fed ceramic melter equipped with a bottom ...
100 Chapter 9.12Figure 1 The formal atmosphere of a meeting of glass scientist in 1928 in Aa...Figure 2 The 1967 (a) and 1994 (b) ICG logos.Figure 3 The 2010 ICG symbol.
101 Section XFigure 1 Through 25 centuries of glassmaking, an art travel at the Glasmuseu...Figure 2 Ingots of Roman glasses similar to those known by Pliny as conserve...
102 Chapter 10.1Figure 1 World map of obsidian sources utilized in ancient times. In the wes...Figure 2 Balata dei Turchi (southern side of Pantelleria, Italy) primary obs...Figure 3 Obsidian blocks (up to 40 cm in length), cores (up to 15 cm), blade...Figure 4 An obsidian sample sitting on a portable XRF instrument for the des...Figure 5 Trace element graph distinguishing Mediterranean obsidian sources....Figure 6 Multiple flows (subsources) may be distinguished on the islands of ...Figure 7 Bar chart showing source frequencies for Early Neolithic (a) and La...Figure 8 Sites with 10 or more artifacts tested (circles by the author, squa...
103 Chapter 10.2Figure 1 Blue glass lump from Eridu, believed to date to the late third mill...Figure 2 Heart amulet, Egyptian 18th Dynasty, late fourteenth century BCE (2...Figure 3 Inlay, Egyptian from Thebes, 18th dynasty (33 × 26 cm, British Muse...Figure 4 (a) Egypt (cosmetic jug, 18th dynasty, 24 × 30 cm; British Museum 2...Figure 5 The clear distinction between glasses found (and therefore thought ...Figure 6 The higher resolution of isotopic analyses: distinguishing glass ma...
104 Chapter 10.3Figure 1 Array of excavated floors of tank furnaces at Bet Eli'ezer, near Ha...Figure 2 Model for Roman glass production as currently understood. Egyptian ...Figure 3 Main compositional groups of the first millennium CE as determined ...Figure 4 The Lycurgus Cup (fourth c. CE) depicting the myth of King Lycurgus...Figure 5 Mosaic‐footed glass bowl, Victoria and Albert Museum 969–1868. Made...Figure 6 A range of forms displayed by a selected group of blown Roman‐glass...Figure 7 Typical mixing line between Roman antimony‐decolorized glass, with ...
105 Chapter 10.4Figure 1 Head of an Egyptian priest made of vitreous material (c. seventh ce...Figure 2 Oil lamp with the illustration of an artisan blowing glass in a pip...Figure 3 Pharmaceutical and chemical (?) glassware found in the Casa del Fab...Figure 4 Garden of Eden mosaic decorating the vault of the Galla Placidia Ma...Figure 5 Glass alchemical alembics illustrating the Codex Parisinus 2327 thi...
106 Chapter 10.5Figure 1 Viscosity ranges for glassworking operations and viscosity–temperat...Figure 2 Gathering of 1–3 g mosaic glass florets (slices) on a blowpipe: fin...Figure 3 Rotary scratches on the interior of a ribbed bowl fragment (Frankfu...Figure 4 Rotary scratches exhibiting horseshoe chattermarks so much shortene...Figure 5 Core‐forming furnace open at the top (height 52 cm) as designed and...Figure 6 Rotary pressing: gob of hot glass pressed with a moist wooden plung...Figure 7 Making of a ribbed bowl: sagging or flowing down of hot glass over ...Figure 8 Making of spiral reticella vessel: drawing of the thread from a rot...Figure 9 Making a Cretan pyxis: cylindrical plunger pressed into a gob of ho...Figure 10 Making of a bulbous colorband bottle: preheated colorband disk or ...Figure 11 Fragments of inflated tubes from a first century BCE Jerusalem wor...Figure 12 Pontil attachment on a newly blown glass.Figure 13 Replica of five‐part mold for a beaker, showing mythological scene...Figure 14 Mold blowing: loading of the parison in the sooted, five‐part mold...Figure 15 The basketry pattern of a cylindrical jug (height 21 cm). Syro‐Pal...Figure 16 Hellenistic sandwich gold glass bowl (height 10.7 cm, rim diameter...Figure 17 Three‐step making of gold glass: pressing of the gob of the outer ...Figure 18 Cameo glass: the Portland vase (height 24.5 cm, maximum body diame...Figure 19 Two step‐making of a cameo glass: model of wax or clay serving for...Figure 20 Diatrete, Cage cup (preserved height 12.1 cm, rim diameter 10.1 cm...Figure 21 Four‐step making of a double‐walled blank for subsequent cutting o...
107 Chapter 10.6Figure 1 A variety of glass coatings. (a) Enameled Venetian chalice (circa 1...Figure 2 Limoges enamels. (a) Plaque depicting Jesus before Ponce Pilate ten...Figure 3 Firing defects on glazes and enamels. (a) Celadon crackled glaze (n...Figure 4 Control of the glaze quality: comparison between the thermal expans...Figure 5 Structure and polymerization of silicate glasses. (a) Sketch of the...Figure 6 Optical/SEM micrographs of sliced sections of glazed potteries. (a)...Figure 7 Color palettes: (a) of painting enamel (~200 mm in diameter) for Sè...Figure 8 Glaze colored with metal nanoparticles. (a) Dish made by Eva Haudum...
108 Chapter 10.7Figure 1 Changing origins of Venetian glass evidenced by variations in the a...Figure 2 Transition from natron to soda‐ash glass demonstrated by a histogra...Figure 3 The mutual relationships between cristallo and vitrum blanchum esta...Figure 4 Renaissance Venetian gilded‐enameled ewer, c. 1530, height 20.9 cm,...Figure 5 Tazza, filigree cup, c. 1550, height 9.0 cm, max diam. 17.9 cm (Mus...Figure 6 The thin lattimo glass rod embedded into a cristallo glass as seen ...Figure 7 Chalcedony cup decorated with droplets of aventurine, c. 1700, heig...Figure 8 Metallic copper particles dispersed in a nineteenth‐century aventur...
109 Chapter 10.8Figure 1 Cast Roman window glass: ~4–5 mm‐thick, originally 35 × 80 cm panes...Figure 2 Final steps of the making of flat from hollow glass before annealin...Figure 3 The palette of hues described by Theophilus exemplified at the same...Figure 4 The ancient red panels of Notre‐Dame de la Belle Verrière...Figure 5 Jesus' crowning with thorns: the most important stained glass panel...Figure 6 Noah's ark: a well‐known Biblical scene pictured in Saint Étienne‐d...Figure 7 The two processes for producing a red color with copper nanoparticl...Figure 8 Red flashing on a clear glass, etched away to give the detailed pat...Figure 9 A large fire drawn with sanguine, a thin red to warm brown enamel m...Figure 10 Grisaille work in a sixteenth‐century panel from a church in Chart...Figure 11 The heterogeneous structure of grisaille revealed by scanning elec...Figure 12 Silver staining: yellow shading in the church of St Thomas, Eccles...Figure 13 The smart integration of thin leading to delineate tree trunks: de...Figure 14 Restoration of an English fourteenth‐century stained glass window ...Figure 15 Exterior view of a thirteenth‐century stained glass depicting Chri...Figure 16 The prophets Joel and Amos of the Old Testament pictured by the fa...Figure 17 Late nineteenth‐century stained glass from Christ Church, Ecclesto...Figure 18 Stained glass made from Pâte de verre panels held by cement (Figure 19 An ancient, obvious repair at the head of an apostle in a sixteent...Figure 20 Raman spectroscopy in the service of ancient stained glass: on‐sit...
110 Chapter 10.9Figure 1 Glassmaking as pictured in the Pit of Memnon, one of the plates of ...Figure 2 Two aspects of late eighteenth‐century glassmaking depicted by the Figure 3 The three glass furnaces described by Agricola [7]. (a) The melting...Figure 4 The earliest known representation of a reverberatory furnace in Bir...Figure 5 Siemens regenerative pot furnace (width: 6 m): cross section throug...Figure 6 The open and closed clay pots still used in the middle of the ninet...Figure 7 The gas producer of a Siemens regenerative furnace [20]. Coal slidi...Figure 8 The mutual disposition of Siemens furnace, gas producer, and regene...Figure
