of the mean potential energy of rotation o...Figure 3 Mean effects of topological restraints exerted on a chain are schem...Figure 4 Glass transition as detected in measurements of the specific volume...Figure 5 Schematic variations of typical numerical values of elastic moduli ...Figure 6 Schematic variations of the tangent of the loss angle across the te...Figure 7 Porous, hollow Dralon© fiber prepared from polyacronitrile [(C3H3N)86 Chapter 8.8Figure 1 Schulz–Flory distribution for polymers with a degree of polymerizat...Figure 2 Schematic representation of the chain‐growth (top) and step‐growth ...Figure 3 The three main phases of free‐radical polymerization illustrated by...Figure 4 The greater variety of molecular architectures obtained by binary c...Figure 5 Terminal model of binary copolymerization. The four possible combin...Figure 6 The three principal stereoisomers made from vinyl monomers with a s...Figure 7 Chain‐growth mechanism exemplified by the ring‐opening polymerizati...Figure 8 Step‐growth polymerization as described by the Carothers equation (...Figure 9 Preparation of poly(vinyl acetate) and subsequent polymer analogous...Figure 10 Rate of polymerization as a function of monomer conversion (a) at ...Figure 11 Relation between Tg and Tm for selected polymers, most linear homo...
87 Chapter 8.9Figure 1 Structure of glasses, silicones, and organic polymers, which can be...Figure 2 Examples of different precursor types (I–III) for sol–gel/hybrid ma...Figure 3 Resulting properties of IOP by the modification of ≡Si–O–Si≡ networ...Figure 4 Two‐step formation reactions of inorganic and organic networks of i...Figure 5 Ashby plot for the Young's modulus–density relationship of various ...Figure 6 Conservation of a historic glass window at the Herrgottskirche (Cre...Figure 7 Micro‐Raman spectra of exposed coating material (top curve) and fre...Figure 8 Low‐energy hybrid polymer coating on glass: liquid droplet on the r...Figure 9 Corrosion protection through hybrid polymer on copper substrates: l...Figure 10 Bifunctional precursors for inorganic–organic polymer designed for...Figure 11 Scanning electron micrograph of a plasma‐deposited inorganic–organ...Figure 12 Scanning electron microphotograph of an inorganic–organic polymer ...
88 Section IXFigure 1 Domestic waste transformed into a piece of abstract glass art: opti...
89 Chapter 9.1Figure 1 Glass staircase, Apple Store, West 14th Street, New York; Eckersley...Figure 2 Glass façade with glass fins, Thomson Reuters Building, New York....Figure 3 Glass roof beams, Medical School, Glasgow; ARUP.Figure 4 Full glass structure including columns, beams, and stability walls....Figure 5 Sainsbury Art Centre (Norman Foster). Early example of structural g...Figure 6 Serres of the National Museum of Science, Technology and Industry i...Figure 7 Glass foot bridge, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Kraaijvanger Urbis, ...Figure 8 Weibull plot (see Chapter 3.11) for glass panels tested either stan...Figure 9 Schematic representation of the thermal tempering process [13].Figure 10 Through the thickness stress profiles of strengthened glass, from ...Figure 11 Fracture pattern of (a) annealed, (b) heat‐strengthened, and (c) f...Figure 12 Principle of the alternative load‐path design in the hanging glass...Figure 13 (a) Wolfson Building glass roof, Glasgow, UK, (b) schematic sectio...Figure 14 Examples of point‐fittings in glass façade. (a) Clamped point‐fitt...Figure 15 Schematic overview of point fittings for glazing. (a) Clamped, (b)...Figure 16 Schematic overview of required allowable in‐plane movements of poi...Figure 17 Through‐bolt connection. For laminated glass alternative, see [2]....Figure 18 Friction grip connection. For laminated glass alternative, see [2]...Figure 19 Spliced beam‐column connections. (a–c) Principles, based on [1]; (...Figure 20 Splice‐laminated large‐span (21 m) glass beam, (a) overall view an...Figure 21 Curved glass envelope realized by means of cold bent glass, Strasb...Figure 22 Cast glass block facade, Crystal Houses, Amsterdam, (a) overview, ...Figure 23 Glass beam with adhesively bonded steel flanges [33].Figure 24 Reinforced glass beams: (a) schematic section and side view, showi...Figure 25 Metal wire mesh or perforated thin metal plate reinforcement embed...
90 Chapter 9.2Figure 1 Optical sketch for the formation of the ghost image through a winds...Figure 2 Microscopic craters and scratches on the windshield surface of a 20...Figure 3 The differing breakage modes of car glazing: (a) broken tempered si...Figure 4 Effect of iron doping on the transmission of near‐infrared radiatio...Figure 5 Effect of glass lamination with PVB on sound‐transmission loss at 2...Figure 6 IR absorbance (resp., emittance) of flat glass for different thickn...Figure 7 Sketch for the genesis of tempering stress upon cooling of a glass ...Figure 8 Fragmentation of tempered glass as a function of tensile core stres...Figure 9 Sketch of a machine for shaping and simultaneous tempering of sidel...Figure 10 Strain pattern caused by an anisotropic heterogeneity of the resid...Figure 11 Sketch of tunnel furnace (a) and tooling (b) for windshield shapin...
91 Chapter 9.3Figure 1 Classification of man‐made vitreous wool used for insulation. AES, ...Figure 2 Sketch of the two main techniques for forming mineral wool. (a) Cas...Figure 3 Viscosity–temperature relationships of stone and glass wool melts i...Figure 4 Phase transformations of a stone wool composition as observed in a ...Figure 5 Enthalpy relaxation of stone and glass wool samples determined in D...Figure 6 Effect of fiber diameter (as d −1) on mechanical properties o...Figure 7 Increases of tensile strength σts with the axial drawing stres...Figure 8 Effect of pH and chemical composition on the dissolution rate of gl...
92 Chapter 9.4Figure 1 Low‐iron glasses in photovoltaic cells. Left: first‐generation Si m...Figure 2 Spectral transmittance and loss of photon flux of different float g...Figure 3 Glass transition temperature Tg of glasses used in solar‐energy con...Figure 4 Solar water heaters. Left: rooftop receiver with in‐house boiler an...Figure 5 Spectral transmittance and solar‐energy loss of 4 mm‐thick low‐iron...
93 Chapter 9.5Figure 1 Comparison between the structure of thin‐film (a) bulk‐type (b) all...Figure 2 Relationship between the electrical conductivity and the microstruc...Figure 3 Sketch of three procedures used to ensure favorable electrode–elect...Figure 4 Initial charge–discharge curves of all‐solid‐state In/LiCoO2 cells ...Figure 5 Charge–discharge curves of all‐solid‐state Li‐In/S and In/Li2S cell...
94 Chapter 9.6Figure 1 Float lines in Europe, North America, and Middle East/Africa (from ...Figure 2 Increases of the number of float lines in Europe, North America, an...Figure 3 Float lines as of early 2013.Figure 4 Decrease of the price of clear flat glass in Western Europe from 19...Figure 5 Divergence between the prices of flat glass in Western Europe and i...
95 Chapter 9.7Figure 1 Regenerative fired furnaces for container glass. (a) End‐fired, sta...Figure 2 Specimens of other types of furnaces. (a) Recuperative furnace for ...Figure 3 Sketch of a dam wall in the melter of a glass furnace.Figure 4 A view over a wool‐glass bath through the peep hole of the melter....Figure 5 The two nozzle of gas burners (a) and the resulting gas flow (b)....Figure 6 Individual components of an end‐fired regenerative furnace.A. Reg...Figure 7 Energy consumption as a function of specific load (t/d.m2) used to ...Figure 8 Interplay of factors involved in NOx and SOx emissions.Figure 9 Evolutions of overall energy efficiency and emissions of NOx, SOx, ...
96 Chapter 9.8Figure 1 Fundamental parameters controlling a furnace in its dual functions ...Figure 2 Heat balance of a fuel‐fired furnace equipped with a flue‐gas heat‐...Figure 3 Efficiency of a glass furnace as a function of the heat capacity‐fl...Figure 4 Model of radiative heat exchange between combustion and melting spa...Figure 5 The influence of the pull rate, p, on the operation of a glass furn...Figure 6 Mass input–output characteristics of chemical reactors. (a) Ideal m...Figure 7 Experimental data of F(z) (symbols) presented in a plot W = ln[−ln(...Figure 8 Comparison between tracer residence times in a double‐convection fu...Figure 9 Comparison between calculated and measured temperature profiles for...Figure 10 Simplified picture of the glass convection flow within a melter.Figure 11 Temperature profiles and melt flow pattern in a flat‐glass furnace...Figure 12 Complete modern furnace simulation model of an end‐port, container...
97 Chapter
