the information‐processing role, the interpersonal role, and the decision‐making role. Managers use these roles to manage the work and to manage relationships with people to accomplish the work.
The management process involves planning, coordinating, organizing, and controlling. The RN uses this process to manage patient care.
Scientific Management, based on the work of Taylor and others, viewed industrial organizations as machines where work was to be carried out in the most scientifically exact and efficient way to increase production.
Bureaucratic Theory discusses the idea of organizations as bureaucracies with a formal organizational structure, impersonal relations, a hierarchy based on positional authority, and a clear chain of command.
Motivation is an internal process that contributes to behavior in an effort to satisfy needs. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs reflects the belief that the needs that motivate individuals have a priority order. Lower‐level needs have to be satisfied first or individuals will not be motivated to address higher‐level needs.
Herzberg's Two‐Factor Theory of Motivation identifies hygiene maintenance factors, such as security and salary, that are needed to prevent job dissatisfaction, and motivator factors, such as job development and opportunities to advance, that contribute to job satisfaction.
Vroom's Expectancy Theory focuses very simply yet specifically on the assessment of the desires of what people desire/expect and their prospect of getting it.
Organizations need to be viewed as living, self‐organizing systems where what initially looks like chaos and uncertainty is indeed part of a larger coherence and a natural order.
Future directions for nurses in organizations will continue to be influenced by technology and by the notions of mobility, virtuality, and user‐driven practices.
Knowledge Workers, with specialized knowledge and expertise, are more self‐directed. Future leadership practices need to adapt to knowledge workers and to changing work environments and circumstances.
Nursing has transitioned to the knowledge age where nursing research advances nursing science, and nursing science is translated into evidence‐based nursing practice.
KEY TERMS
Authentic leadership
Autocratic leadership behavior
Complex adaptive systems
Complexity leadership
Consideration
Contingency theory
Democratic leadership behavior
Emotional intelligence
Employee‐centered leadership
Formal leadership
Hawthorne effect
Hygiene factors
Informal leader
Initiating structure
Job‐centered leaders
Knowledge workers
Laissez‐faire leadership behavior
Leader‐member relations
Leadership
Hygiene maintenance factors management
Management process
Motivation
Motivation factors
Position power
Situational leadership
Substitutes for leadership
Task structure
Theory X
Theory Y
Theory Z
Transformational leadership
Transactional leader
Transformational leader
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1 Management is a process that is used today by nurses and nurse managers in health care organizations and is best described as which of the following?Scientific management.Decision making.Commanding and controlling others using hierarchical authority.Planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling.
2 A participative leadership style is appropriate for employees who do which of the following?Are not able to get the task done and are less mature.Are able to contribute to decisions about getting the work done.Are unable and unwilling to participate.Need direction, structure, and authority.
3 When the concepts of Theory Y are used to describe nurses, which of the following statements are the best description?Nurses prefer to be directed and want job security more than other things.Nurses use self‐direction and self‐control to achieve work objectives in which they believe.Nurses have a hard time accepting responsibility, but they learn to do this over time.Nurses don't really want to work and would quit if they could.
4 Nurse retention is an important focus for health care organizations as we face a growing shortage of health care professionals in the future. According to Herzberg's motivation factors, which of the following would most likely contribute to increased job satisfaction?The organization recognizes and rewards those nurses who advance their education and achieve certification, such as the Critical Care Registered Nurse (CCRN) certification for critical care RNs.Hiring bonuses of up to $5,000 are given to nurses to reduce the vacant positions and prevent short‐staffing.Nurse managers place an emphasis on establishing effective relationships with the nurses who work for them.Salary is increased.
5 The factors that are present which may serve as a substitute for leadership from your nurse manager include which of the following? Select all that applyYour desire for a promotion and an increase in pay.Professional nursing standards, code of ethics, and the intrinsic reward you get from this important work.Your manager spends time telling you exactly what to do and how to do it.Your nurse manager is inspiring and highly motivating to work for.
6 Leadership is defined as which of the following?Being in a leadership position with authority to exert control and power over subordinates.A process of interaction in which the leader influences others toward goal achievement.Being able to manage collaboration.Being self‐confident and democratic.
7 The reason that leadership development is important for nurses, even if they are not in a management position, is which of the following?Nurses don't get education on leadership in nursing school.Nurses are knowledge workers with expert knowledge of patient care.Nurse leaders leave their jobs sooner for other positions.Nurses
