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2 The Health Care Environment
Ronda G. Hughes1, and Janice Tazbir2, 3, 4, 5
1 Center for Nursing Leadership, Executive Doctorate of Nursing Practice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
2University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
3Anderson Continuing Education, Sacramento, CA, USA
4Retired, Purdue University Northwest, College of Nursing, Hammond, IN, USA
5Health Education Systems, Inc. (HESI), Houston, TX, USA
Source: Tish Watts, Johnny Tazbir & Venita Chew.
Health care in the twenty‐first century will require a new kind of health professional: someone who is equipped to transcend the traditional doctor–patient relationship to reach a new level of partnership with patients; someone who can lead, manage, and work effectively in a team and organizational environment; someone who can practice safe, high‐quality care but also constantly see and create the opportunities for improvement.
(Donaldson, 2001)
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
1 Discuss how health care is organized and financed in the United States.
2 Compare U.S. health care with that of other industrialized countries.
3 Identify major issues facing health care.
4 Relate efforts for improving the quality, safety, and access to health care.
OPENING SCENARIO
Your neighbor calls, asking you to come over and advise her as to what to do with her grandchild who is sick. Finding the 3‐year‐old child with a runny nose, a slight fever, and a congested cough, you recommend that she take the child to her primary care clinician for an office visit, especially if the fever continues or rises, and if her symptoms seem worse. Your neighbor feels that there is no urgency because of the high cost of the office visit co‐pay, her difficulty in getting the child to the clinician during the limited hours that don't coincide with her work schedule, and she can't get an appointment until 2 weeks later because her grandchild is covered by Medicaid. She opts to wait until a couple of days later when she gets home from work and finds that her grandchild seems more fussy, and then takes the child to the emergency department (ED) where she will have no co‐pay and can get seen right away. By the time they arrive at the hospital, the child has a temperature of 104°F (40°C) and is subsequently hospitalized for a week in the pediatric intensive care unit.
1 Do you think this type of scenario is uncommon in the United States?
2 What are the advantages of everyone having access to health care regardless of type of insurance?
The U.S. health care system consists of a mix of different types of health care providers from either nonprofit or for‐profit organizations in both the public government and private sectors. These providers and organizations provide more than 300 million American citizens with access to cost‐effective, quality health care. Reimbursement for health care services is paid in one or a combination of these four ways:
Private
