Nightingale establishes first training school for nurses in London, England
1863
International Red Cross established in Geneva, Switzerland.
1873
First “Nightingale Type” Nurse Training Schools opened in the U.S.
1880s
Germ theory of disease developed
1899
International Council of Nurses founded.
1893
National League for Nursing (NLN) founded. Lillian Wald founds the Visiting Nurse Service of New York.
1896
American Nurses Association (ANA) founded.
1902
Lina Rogers Struthers hired, in New York, as the first U.S. school nurse.
1908
National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses founded; merged with the ANA in 1951.
1909
First university‐based school of nursing opened at the University of Minnesota.
1912
Public Health Nurses Association founded; merged with the NLN in 1951.
1917
Standardized curriculum for nursing developed by NLN.
1920
Women gained the vote.
1922
Sigma Theta Tau founded at Indiana University.
1923
Goldmark Report on Nursing Education. Mary Breckenridge founds the Frontier Nursing Service.
1924
First doctoral program for nurses, in education, opened at Teacher's College, Columbia University, New York.
1930s
Great Depression: Graduate nurses began staffing hospitals; closure of some hospital‐based training schools; start of hospital insurance programs.
1934
Grading Committee Report on Nursing Education.
1942
Penicillin (discovered in 1928) starts to be used to treat infections.
1945
Cadet Corps nursing program initiated.
1946
Hill‐Burton Act. Infusion of money into hospital construction.
1948
Brown Report on Nursing Education.
1950s
Beginning of associate degree education for nurses, closure of some hospital diploma training schools.
1953
National Student Nurses Association founded.
1960s
Development of specialized hospital patient units for coronary and critical care. Growth of nursing specialization.
1964
Nurse Training Act. Infuses Federal money into nursing and nursing education.
1965
First Nurse Practitioner program established at University of Colorado; Development of Medicaid and Medicare programs—expands insured health care.
1970s
Clinical Nurse Specialist role developed.
1971
American Assembly for Men in Nursing founded.
1974
Florence Wald founds first U.S. Hospice in Connecticut.
1986
National Center for Nursing Research founded.
1993
National Institute of Nursing Research, one of the National Institutes of Health, founded.
2004
Doctorate in Nursing Practice endorsed by member schools of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing.
2008
Consensus model for Advance Practice Registered Nurses developed by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing and the APN Consensus Work Group. The roles are: Certified Nurse Midwife, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, Clinical Nurse Specialist, and Certified Nurse Practitioner.
2010
Affordable Care Act—expands health insurance.
KEY CONCEPTS
1 Nursing history must be interpreted through the contexts of gender, society, science, and place.
2 In 1873, three nurse training schools, using Nightingale's principles for nursing education, were founded in the U.S.
3 Scientific progress required nurses' more extensive education.
4 Early nursing contributions to society's health included nursing knowledge‐based care within hospitals and nursing public health initiatives in the wider community.
5 Public health nursing was central to the early professional development of nursing.
6 Nursing professional organizations were initiated soon after formal nursing education began.
7 During the Great Depression of the 1930s, nursing practice moved from private duty nursing to hospital staff nursing.
8 The move from hospital training schools for nurses to collegiate nursing education accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s.
9 Nursing theories were foundational to nursing science research.
10 Advanced Practice Nursing roles have had a long history.
KEY TERMS
Nursing history
Professional identity
Nurse Training Schools
Visiting Nurses
Henry Street Settlement
Nursing technicians
Image of nurses
Ethics
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1 Nurses who had graduated from nurse training schools largely moved from private duty nursing to hospital
