of the following?Medical care was becoming increasingly complex and more graduate nurses were needed.Student nurses' liability insurance would not cover student nurses in the role of primary caregivers.Graduate nurses were cheaper for hospitals than running their own nurse training schools.Student nurses' education was moving away from hospital training schools to colleges and universities.2 The public views nurses more favorably during which of the following times?Complimentary television shows.War.Infectious disease outbreaks.When the results of the Gallop Poll, which showed nurses rate highest in ethics, is released.
3 The movement toward formal education for nurses in the 1870s came about for all the following reasons EXCEPT for which of the following?Rapid industrialization.Expansion of scientific knowledge, such as anesthesia and antisepsis.Expansion of hospital building.Women's desire for more independence.
4 In the nineteenth century, during the early years of nurse training schools, student nurses usually had classes during which of the following times?In 3 month blocks every year.After their 12 hr shift on the wards.On their day off from clinical work.After their 6 hr shift on the wards.
5 Which of the following professional nursing organizations was NOT one of the first nursing organizations?American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses—now the NLN.Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing—now Sigma.National Organization of Public Health Nurses.Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada—now the ANA.
6 Which scientific discovery came first?Anesthesia.X‐Rays.Antisepsis.Penicillin.
7 What was one outcome of the Hill‐Burton Act of 1946?More nurses were needed.More acute care patients were admitted to hospitals.Hospital insurance could be more readily obtained.Fewer Medicaid recipients were admitted to hospitals.
8 After World War II, several factors converged to worsen the nursing shortage. Which of the following was NOT a factor?Nurses wanted to leave nursing to get married.Military nurses didn't wish to return to the constraints and rules of civilian nursing.Nurses wanted to have children and start a family that had been delayed by the war.The military wounded required an infusion of nurses to care for them.
9 The early associate degree programs in nursing took about how long to complete?Two years to complete.Three years, like the length of the diploma programs, to complete.Two years plus however long the general education courses took to complete.One year to complete.
10 Lillian Wald was primarily considered to be which of the following?Nurse educator.Nurse midwife.Public health nurse.Nurse administrator.
REVIEW QUESTION ANSWERS
1 Answer: C is correct.Rationale: During the Great Depression of the 1930s graduate nurses were unable to obtain private duty work. It was cheaper for hospitals to employ trained nurses rather than run a nurse training school. Medical care was becoming more complex but this was not the direct cause of the change from private duty to hospital nursing (A). Student nurses did not carry liability insurance at this time (B) and this was before the move of most nursing education to colleges and universities (D).
2 Answer: B is correct.Rationale: The text explains that nurses are more highly thought of in times of war. Perhaps surprisingly, complimentary television shows (A) and infectious disease outbreaks (C), such as the 1918 flu pandemic, do not alter the public's view of nurses. The Gallop Poll shows that the public considers nurses highly ethical (D).
3 Answer: C is correct.Rationale: There was not a hospital expansion during the late nineteenth century. The other answers (A, B, D) all influenced the need for formal nursing education.
4 Answer: B is correct.Rationale: Most student nurses at this time worked 12 hr shifts, although in some more progressive schools the students just worked 8 hr a day. Lectures were given in the evening after work (B). They did not have blocks of classroom time (A), days off (C), or 6 hr shifts (D).
5 Answer: B is correct.Rationale: Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing was founded in 1922. The American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses—now the National League for Nursing was founded first in 1893 (A), the Nurses Associated Alumnae followed in 1896 (D), and the National Organization for Public Health Nurses was founded in 1912(C).
6 Answer: A is correct.Rationale: Anesthesia was first publicly used for the purpose of painless surgery in the 1840s. When antisepsis was developed in the 1880s (C) the two necessary factors for complex yet relatively safe surgeries were in place. X‐rays were developed in the late 1890s (B) and penicillin in the 1940s (D).
7 Answer: A is correct.Rationale: More nurses were needed, which exacerbated an already severe post war nursing shortage. The Act didn't have an impact on patient acuity (B), or hospital insurance (C), and Medicaid was not initiated until the 1960s (D).
8 Answer: D is correct.Rationale: While the wounded doubtless needed more nurses, the other three reasons given (A, B, C) also significantly exacerbated the shortage.
9 Answer: A is correct.Rationale: The early programs really did just take two years—one of general education and one of nursing. More recently, the AD nursing curriculum has expanded and more general education courses may be required and these programs typically take longer. Answers B, C, and D are incorrect.
10 Answer: C is correct.Rationale: Wald is considered to be the founder of public health nursing. She was not in education (A) and she was not a midwife (B). Some could consider her an administrator (D)—she ran the Henry Street Settlement—but her primary role was in public health.
REVIEW ACTIVITIES
1 Explore the images on the National Library of Medicine's images website. www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/ihm, Accessed May 30, 2019.
2 Identify a content area you are interested in from the National Library of Medicine Images website (e.g., WWI, WWII, 1950s health care, magic lantern slides, or public domain images) and pull out about six images for discussion.
3 Explore one of the traveling exhibits on the National Library of Medicine website at www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/about/exhibition/index.html Accessed May 30, 2019.
4 Click on the “digital gallery” tab found on the National Library of Medicine traveling exhibits website. Find an image that is particularly meaningful to you and describe why it is significant.
5 This chapter has mentioned scores of nurses. There are millions more. Contact or identify a nurse who practiced 50 or more years ago and discover her or his history.
6 Identify a nursing intervention, such as assessing blood pressure or giving an enema, and explore the Internet, journals, textbooks for historical use of that intervention and the changes over time related to that intervention (This question taken from Lewenson, 2004).
DISCUSSION POINTS
1 In the chapter's opening paragraph, Dr. Sandra Lewenson states that studying history provides us with opportunity. A nursing student was inspired by the story of Mary Breckinridge, who in 1925 founded the Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky. The history of Breckinridge gave that student her opportunity. She traveled to Kentucky to personally find out about the Frontier Nursing Service as soon as she could. How can the knowledge of nursing's past provide you with an opportunity?
2 Most nurses in the late nineteenth century wanted nurses to be licensed by the state before they could practice nursing. However, Florence Nightingale disagreed with the concept of nurse licensure. What are some of the benefits of licensure for
