style="font-size:15px;"> 3 Before the later nineteenth century, there were many men in nursing. Why do you think Nightingale and many doctors preferred women as nurses? How do you think this early opposition toward men in nursing has affected the nursing profession today?4 Mildred Montag's dissertation work introduced the concept of community college education for, what she termed, nursing technicians. Do you think that the separation of nurses' roles into technical roles and professional roles was ever a workable model?
DISCUSSION OF OPENING SCENARIO
1 Nursing's knowledge base has expanded in the same way that medical science has expanded over the last 150 years. Historically, nurses have taken the lead in public health and practiced autonomously for many years, particularly among the indigent.
2 Doctorally prepared nurses are necessary to maintain and develop nursing's knowledge base for practice, health care policy, and health care administration. Consider the extent of scientific knowledge on one hand and the inadequate quality of U.S. health care on the other. Well‐educated nurses are needed to redress this inequity. As more nursing education is necessary so more research‐based faculty are needed to teach nurses. Other clinical health care fields (e.g., dentistry, pharmacy, physical therapy, and medicine) require a doctoral level of education. Nurses should not, considering their high level of responsibility, be less well prepared.
3 There have always been males and other minorities within nursing. During the late nineteenth century, the development of professional nursing resulted in males and other minorities being excluded. White women were seen as entitled to have professional nursing as their own profession. Few training schools and professional organizations accepted males and other minorities. Male only and African American only training schools were founded; the latter also served as training and practice sites for African American physicians and other health care workers.
EXPLORING THE WEB
North Carolina nursing history, accessed November 11, 2018:http://nursinghistory.appstate.edu
Nursing Clio, accessed November 11, 2018:https://nursingclio.org
Florida nursing history, accessed November 11, 2018:https://fnhxp.nursingnetwork.com
American Association for the History of Nursing, accessed November 27, 2018:www.aahn.org
National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine, accessed November 27, 2018:www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd
Rush University Medical Center Archives, accessed November 27, 2018:https://rUShu.libguides.com/rUSharchives
Midwest Nursing History Research Center, University of Illinois, accessed November 27, 2018:http://nursing.uic.edu/our-impact/research/centers-labs-interest-groups/midwest-nursing-history-research-center
Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, accessed November 27, 2018:www.nursing.upenn.edu/history
Eleanor Crowder Bjoring Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry, University of Virginia, accessed November 27, 2018:www.nursing.virginia.edu/nursing-history
INFORMATICS
1 Visit the Nursing Clio website at https://nursingcleo.org and review an article related to nursing.
LEAN BACK
How has nursing's image influenced nurses' ability to practice to the full extent of their education today?
One could argue that nurses practiced more autonomously at the turn of the last century and one could argue the opposite, that nurses are more autonomous today. What are justifications for both positions?
Understanding context is essential for attempting to accurately interpret historical events. Think of a few instances where knowledge of context is imperative. For example, nurses administered anesthesia during the American Civil War. The context of war is necessary to appreciate that nurses did not usually administer anesthetics during the 1860s.
How will knowing some nursing history impact your patient care, including your future career choices?
REFERENCES
1 American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2017). Annual report. Retrieved from www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/Publications/Annual-Reports/AnnualReport17.pdf
2 American Medical Assocation. (1937). Hospital service in the United States sixteenth annual presentation of hospital data by the Council of Medicsa Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association. Journal of the American Medical Association, 108(13), 1035–1059. doi:10.1001/jama.1937.02780130019007
3 American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Silver Spring, MD: Carter Lucas. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t21c1w69m&view=1up&seq=6
4 Brainard, A. (1922). Evolution of public health nursing. In F. Billings & J. S. Hurd (Eds.), Hospitals, dispensaries, and nursing. New York: Carter Lucas. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t21c1w69m&view=1up&seq=6
5 Brown, E. L. (1948). Nursing for the future. New York: Russell Sage.
6 Buhler‐Wilkerson, K. (2001). No place like home. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins.
7 Burgess, M. A. (1928). Nurses, patients, and pocketbooks. New York: The Committee.
8 Burgess, W. K. (1990). This beautiful charity: Evolution of the Visiting Nurse Association of Chicago 1889–1920. University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI Unpublished doctoral dissertation. (Filed with VNA Collection, Box 11).
9 Clark Hine, D. (1989). Black women in white. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
10 Committee on the Grading of Nursing Schools. (1934). Nursing schools today and tomorrow. New York: The Committee.
11 Donahue, M. P. (2011). Nursing. The finest art (3rd ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby.
12 Draper, E. (1894). The necessity of an American Nurses' Association. In J. Billings & H. M. Hurd (Eds.), Hospitals, dispensaries, and nursing, international congress of charities, correction and philanthropy, section III, Chicago, 1893. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
13 Dunphy, L. M. (2001). “The steel cocoon”. Tales of nurses and patients of the iron lung‐1955. Nursing History Review, 9, 3–33.
14 Evenden, D. (2000). The midwives of seventeenth‐century London. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
15 Fee, E., & Garofalo, M. E. (2010). Florence Nightingale and the Crimean war. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1591.
16 Fitzpatrick, L. (1985). Oral history interview with Anne Zimmerman. Midwest Nursing History Research Center Archives. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois at Chicago.
17 Garfinkel, S. (1990). “This trial was sent in love and mercy for my refinement”: A Quaker woman's experience of breast
