attacked by Augustine, among others.
Peter Lombard (ca. 1100-1160), professor of theology at Paris, author of four books of Sententiae that represented a summa of Catholic theology. Before Aquinas’s Summa, Lombard’s Sententiae was the standard textbook of theology.
Petilianus (late fourth to early fifth centuries), Donatist bishop.
Petrus Bertrandus (Pierre Bertrand) (ca. 1280-1349), cardinal bishop of Autun and professor of canon and civil law in Avignon, Montpellier, Paris, and Orléans; author of several works of theology and jurisprudence, including De iurisdictione ecclesiastica et saeculari, De origine iurisdictionis, and a commentary on the Liber sextus.
Petrus de Ancharano (ca. 1333-1416), canon lawyer and jurist, pupil of Baldus de Ubaldis, and author of many commentaries on the canon law.
Philippus Caesar (Philip the Arab) (third century), Roman emperor (244-49); according to some Christian historians, including Eusebius, the first Christian emperor.
Pierre de la Palude (Paludanus) (ca. 1277-1342), patriarch of Jerusalem and Dominican theologian and canonist, whose works include the well-known De causa immediata ecclesiasticae potestatis, in which he defended the plenitudo potestatis of the pope.
Pietro del Monte (ca. 1390-1457), Venetian bishop of Brescia and humanist scholar, author of many ecclesiological works.
Pighius, Albert (Pigghe) (ca. 1490-1542), theologian and mathematician, whose works include a series of treatises in support of papal authority against Marsilius of Padua and a ten-volume treatise titled De libero hominis arbitrio et divina gratia.
Platina (Bartolomeo Sacchi) (1421-81), Italian humanist and historian, author of the well-known Liber de vita Christi et omnium pontificum, under the patronage of Pope Sixtus IV.
Pole, Reginald (1500-1558), cardinal and papal legate in England, a leading Catholic reformer and author of an important work on the role of the pope, De summo pontifice.
Priscillian (fourth century), heretic who gave the name to Priscillianism, a series of heretical doctrines under Gnostic influence.
Protagoras of Abdera (fifth century B.C.), Greek sophist and protagonist in two Platonic dialogues, the Protagoras and the Theaetetus; commonly considered the leading example of the Sophists’ ethical relativism and religious agnosticism.
Raymond le Roux (Rufus) (sixteenth century), expert on canon and civil law and jurist at the parliament in Paris, author of a treatise against Du Moulin (1553).
Raymond of Peñafort (ca. 1175-1275), general of the Dominicans and a great canonist. He was in charge of the commission set up by Pope Gregory IX to complement and correct the main collection of Decretals, the Quinque compilationes antiquae, and he collected and edited the Liber extra of decretals, the resulting work known as Decretales Gregorii IX of 1234 (cf. Boniface VIII). He was also the author of an important manual for confessors titled Summa de poenitentia, sive casuum.
Regino of Prüm (d. ca. 915), Benedictine abbot and author of a universal chronicle.
Richard of Middleton (Ricardus de Mediavilla) (d. ca. 1305), Franciscan theologian and author of an influential commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sen tentiae.
Roger of Hoveden (d. ca. 1201), chronicler and one of the king’s clerks under Henry II. His Annals covered the history of England from 732 to 1201.
Rufinus, Tyrannius (Rufinus of Aquileia) (ca. 345-410), theologian best known as translator into Latin of Origen’s De principiis and Eusebius’s Historia.
Sander, Nicholas (1530-81), English theologian at the University of Louvain, author of De visibili monarchia ecclesiae, a treatise defending papal authority in temporal matters, and of the unfinished De schismate Anglicano, a historical work on the progress of the Reformation in England.
Sebadius (Sabadius or Foebadius) (fourth century), bishop of Agen and author of a treatise against Arianism, Contra Arianos.
Servetus, Michael (1511-53), Spanish physician, theologian, and humanist who elaborated an anti-Trinitarian theology and argued for a form of religious toleration. Hated with equal vigor by Protestants and Catholics alike, Servetus was executed in Geneva by order of Calvin.
Sigebert of Gembloux (ca. 1035-1112), Benedictine monk and historian and author of a Chronicon of the history of the world.
Simancas, Jacobus (Didacus) (1513-83), theologian, canonist, and bishop successively of Ciudad Rodrigo, of Badajoz, and of Zamora, whose works include De Catholicis institutionibus.
Socrates Scholasticus (fifth century), historian of the Christian Church who continued Eusebius’s Historia ecclesiastica until the middle of the fourth century.
Soto, Domingo de (1494-1560), Dominican theologian and one of Vitoria’s most famous students. His most important work is De iustitia et iure, a treatise on jurisprudence and political philosophy.
Sozomen, Salminius Hermias (d. ca. 447), historian of the Church and author of Historia ecclesiastica, which covers the period between the emperor Constantine and the beginning of the reign of Theodosius II.
Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius (ca. 70-after 130), author of biographies of twelve Roman emperors from Augustus to Domitian, De vita caesarum, full of anecdotes and gossip about the private lives of the emperors as well as valuable historical information. His other works are lost.
Suger (ca. 1081-1151), abbot of St. Denis, author of historical works and a memoir of his experiences as abbot, Liber de rebus in administratione sua gestis.
Sulpicius Severus (ca. 360-ca. 420), Christian chronicler and writer whose works include a biography of St. Martin and a Chronicorum libri duo, or Historia sacra, covering the time from the creation of the world until the year 400.
Surius, Laurentius (1522-78), Carthusian monk whose numerous treatises include Commentarius brevis, a chronicle of the history of the world from 1500 to 1564, and a collection of lives of the saints, De probatis sanctorum historiis.
Sylvanus of Tarsus (fourth century), bishop and associate of Eustathius of Sebaste.
Tertullian (ca. 160-ca. 220), Father of the Church and author of vigorous polemical and apologetic treatises, in particular Apologeticus, much quoted by Bellarmine, and De corona, on a Christian soldier who disobeyed his pagan commander, which Bellarmine quoted when dealing with the question of just war.
Themistius (ca. 317-after 385), Greek philosopher and panegyrist.
Theodoretus (ca. 393-ca. 457), bishop of Cyrus and prolific author. Bellarmine refers often to his commentaries on books of the Old Testament and to his Historia ecclesiastica, which starts with the beginning of the Arian heresy.
Theodosius I (ca. 346-95), Roman emperor who issued the Edict of Thessalonica in 380, declaring Christianity the religion of the empire. He vigorously defended the Christian religion against Arians and pagans.
Theodosius II (ca. 401-50), Roman emperor who commissioned the collection of law known as the Codex Theodosianus, which later used and partly incorporated the Justinian code.
Theophanes (mid-eighth century to
