saint and author of a chronicle covering the period between 284 and 813.
Theophilus of Alexandria (d. 412), patriarch of Alexandria, accused of philo-Origen positions.
Theophylactus (ca. 1050-1109), archbishop of Ohrid, in Bulgaria, and a theologian, author of numerous exegetical works and epistles.
Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1225-74), probably the most influential theologian and philosopher of the Middle Ages. His philosophy was profoundly reworked in early modern Europe by Francisco de Vitoria and the so-called Second Scholastics, or School of Salamanca. Aquinas’s works include Summa theologiae, a Christianized version of Aristotelian philosophy and the backbone for much of early modern Catholic theology; the Quodlibeta, a set of theological and ecclesiological questions and answers in typical Scholastic fashion; and numerous Opuscula, small works on specific doctrinal questions. Many of Bellarmine’s theological works are discussions of aspects of Thomism and of their political and theological implications.
Torquemada, Juan de (1388-1468), Dominican canonist and cardinal whose works include a commentary on Gratian’s Decretum and Summa de ecclesia, which exerted great influence on neo-Thomist theologians.
Toschi (Tuschi), Domenico (1535-1620), cardinal from 1599, scholar of canon law and author of an eight-volume collection of Practicarum conclusionum iuris in omni foro frequentiorum (1605-8).
Trionfo, Agostino (Augustinus Triumphus Anconitanus) (ca. 1243-1328), monk of the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine and author of Summa de potestate ecclesiastica, which defended papal sovereignty on the basis of a political Augustinianism similar to that of Giles of Rome.
Trithemius (Johann Heidenberg) (1462-1516), Benedictine abbot of Sponheim, scholarly polymath whose works range from natural science to biography and devotional treatises.
Tudeschis, Nicholas de (Panormitanus) (1386-1445), Benedictine archbishop of Palermo and one of the most important canonists of his time. He wrote extensive commentaries on the Liber extra and the other collections of decretals.
Ulrich of Strasbourg (mid-thirteenth century), Dominican theologian, pupil of Albert the Great, author of Summa de bono.
Valens (d. 378), Roman emperor who converted to Arianism.
Valentinian I (d. 375), Roman emperor and, according to Augustine, a follower of Christianity.
Valentinian II (d. 392), Roman emperor, son of Valentinian I and brother of Gratian.
Valerius Maximus (first century), Roman historian, author of Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri novem, a collection of anecdotes regarding famous Greek and Roman figures, which was supposed to exemplify the spectrum of human vices and virtues and which was widely used in the schools of rhetoric.
Vázquez de Menchaca, Fernando (1512-69), professor of law at the University of Salamanca, author of De successionum creatione, progressu et resolutione and Controversiarium illustrium usuque frequentium libri tres, both on common and public law.
Vigilius (ca. 353-405), martyr and saint, bishop of Trent who strongly opposed the Arian heresy.
Vignier, Nicholas (ca. 1530-96), French historian whose works include Bibliothèque historiale and a Sommaire of French history.
Vincent of Lérins (Vincentius Lirinensis) (fifth century), saint and author of Commonitorium adversus profanas novitates, a summary of the main tenets of the Christian faith based on the tradition of the Fathers.
Vitoria, Francisco de (ca. 1483-1546), Dominican theologian and founder of the so-called School of Salamanca, or Second Scholastic, an original interpretation of the doctrine of Thomas Aquinas. Vitoria published nothing during his life, but the manuscripts of his lectures have been published after his death in several editions. Vitoria greatly influenced two generations of theologians and jurists, including Francisco Suárez, Domingo de Soto, and Bellarmine, although the Jesuit’s political theory differed from the Dominican’s in many points.
Wild, Johann (1497-1554), also known under his Latinized name “Ferus,” a Franciscan friar and author of an extensive series of commentaries on the Old and New Testaments.
William of Tyre (ca. 1127-90), archbishop of Tyre and author of a number of historical works.
Zeno (d. 491), Eastern Roman emperor from Isauria under whom the Henotikon, or “act of unity,” was issued in an attempt to solve peacefully the monophysite controversy.
Zonaras, Joannes (eleventh-twelfth centuries), Byzantine chronicler and canonist.
ABBREVIATIONS AND FREQUENTLY CITED WORKS
ACDF: Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, Rome.
APUG: Archivio della Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Rome.
ARSI: Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, Rome.
ASV: Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Rome.
BAV: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome.
BL: British Library, London.
PG: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Graeca, 161 vols., Paris, 1857-66.
PL: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina, 221 vols., Paris, 1844-55 and 1862-65.
Conciliorum oecumenicorum decreta: G. Alberigo, P. P. Joannou, C. Leonardi, P. Prodi with H. Jedin, eds., Conciliorum oecumenicorum decreta, Basel: Herder, 1962.
Corpus iuris civilis: P. Krueger, T. Mommsen, R. Schoell, W. Kroll, eds., Corpus iuris civilis, 3 vols., Berlin: Weidmann, 1954.
Corpus iuris canonici: A. L. Richter and E. Friedberg, eds., Corpus iuris canonici, 2 vols., Graz: Akademische Druck u. Verlagsanstalt, 1959.
I would like to thank the staffs of the various archives where I worked in order to complete this work. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Daniel Ponziani and Monsignor Alejandro Cifres, respectively Archivist and Director of the Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, along with the rest of the staff of the archive; Prof. Martín M. Morales S.J., Director of the Archivio della Pontificia Università Gregoriana; Dr. Mario Brunello, Dr. Nicoletta Basilotta, and all the staff of the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu; and Dr. Giovanni Castaldo and all the staff of the Archivio Segreto Vaticano. Last but certainly not least, I am very grateful to Diana Francoeur, of Liberty Fund, for her editorial help and to Professor Knud Haakonssen for his knowledgeable and insightful comments and for his immense patience.
Summary of the entire disputation
We have discussed two branches of the Church, the clergymen and
