under copyright laws, hence details on these developments are not included in the book.
1.6.1 Carbon Arc Welding
The carbon arc welding (CAW) process is the oldest of all the arc welding processes and is considered to be the beginning of arc welding. The Welding Society defines carbon arc welding as “an arc welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a carbon electrode and the work-piece. No shielding is used. Pressure and filler metal may or may not be added. It has limited applications today, but a variation or twin carbon arc welding is more popular. Another variation uses compressed air to force molten metal out to effect cutting.
1.6.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
The development of the metal arc welding process soon followed the carbon arc. This developed into the currently popular shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process defined as, an arc welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a covered metal electrode and the work-piece. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode.
Figure 1.1 General lay out of welding and joining processes.
1.6.3 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
The need to weld nonferrous metals, particularly magnesium and aluminum, challenged the industry. A solution was found called gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and is defined as, an arc welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a non-consumable tungsten electrode, and the work piece. Shielding for the welding arc is obtained often from an inert-gas, or mixture gases that may not always be inert.
Table 1.1 Welding and joining processes, type of energy used, and their abbreviations as defined by the American Welding Society.
| Group | Welding process | AWS letter designation |
|---|---|---|
| Arc Welding | ||
| Electric Arc Welding | Carbon Arc | CAW |
| Flux Cored Arc | FCAW* | |
| Gas Metal Arc | GMAW* | |
| Gas Tungsten Arc | GTAW* | |
| Plasma Arc | PAW** | |
| Shielded Metal Arc | SMAW* | |
| Stud Arc | SW | |
| Submerged Arc | SAW* | |
| Electrical Resistance Welding | Flash Welding | FW |
| High Frequency Resistance | HFRW | |
| Percussion Welding | PEW | |
| Projection Welding | RPW | |
| Resistance-Seam Welding | RSEW | |
| Resistance-Spot Welding | RSW | |
| Upset Welding | UW | |
| Oxy-fuel Gas Welding (OFW) | ||
| Oxyacetylene Welding | OAW | |
| Oxyhydrogen Welding | OHW | |
| Pressure Gas Welding | PGW | |
| Solid State Welding | ||
| Cold Welding | CW | |
| Diffusion Welding | DFW | |
| Explosion Welding | EXW | |
| Forge Welding | FOW | |
| Friction Welding | FRW | |
| Hot Pressure Welding | HPW | |
| Roll Welding | ROW | |
| Ultrasonic Welding | USW | |
| Capillary Action Transfer and Distribution of Metal | ||
| Brazing | Diffusion Brazing | DFB |
| Dip Brazing | DB | |
| Furnace Brazing | FB | |
| Induction Brazing | IB | |
| Infrared Brazing |
| |
