Nagel, Race, Ethnicity, and Sexuality, 141. See also Diane Richardson, Rethinking Sexuality (London: Sage, 2000), 80.
24. Nagel, Race, Ethnicity, and Sexuality, 159, 166.
25. See Pascoe, What Comes Naturally.
26. Steven Seidman, “From the Polluted Homosexual to the Normal Gay: Changing Patterns of Sexual Regulation in America,” in Ingraham, Thinking Straight, 40.
27. Pascoe, What Comes Naturally, 11.
28. Stetson Kennedy, Jim Crow Guide: The Way It Was (Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1990), 67; originally published as Jim Crow Guide to the U.S.A. (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1959). Pascoe’s What Comes Naturally explores this issue of wills, estates, and miscegenation law in great depth.
29. Leti Volpp, “American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California,” in Loving v. Virginia in a Post-racial World: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Marriage, ed. Kevin Noble Maillard and Rose Cuison Villazor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 71.
30. While relationships between white women and black men were deemed particularly threatening, other kinds of interracial relationships also challenged the social and patriarchal order. As Mary Ting Yi Lui has shown, the murder of a white woman, allegedly by her Chinese lover, in early twentieth-century New York City generated efforts by authorities to “restore moral and spatial order” with intensified surveillance of Chinatown, intensified spatial segregation, and efforts to police the behavior of white women. See Lui, The Chinatown Trunk Mystery: Murder, Miscegenation, and Other Dangerous Encounters in Turn-of-the-Century New York City (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
31. Renee Romano, Race Mixing: Black-White Marriage in Postwar America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 66–69.
32. Romano, 197–98.
33. Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5, no. 4 (Summer 1980): 631–60.
34. Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, “Asian American History and Racialized Compulsory Deviance,” Journal of Women’s History 15, no. 3 (Autumn 2003): 60.
35. Hannah Rosen, Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 164.
36. For more on black club women’s adherence to and promotion of “respectable” middle-class sexual norms, see Stephanie J. Shaw, What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers during the Jim Crow Era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 13–25.
37. Both quoted in Romano, Race Mixing, 85.
38. Mason Stokes, “Father of the Bride: Du Bois and the Making of Black Heterosexuality,” in Next to the Color Line: Gender, Sexuality, and W. E. B. Du Bois, ed. Susan Gillman and Alys Eve Weinbaum (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 289–316.
39. Pascoe, What Comes Naturally, 59–62.
40. For more, see Romano, Race Mixing, 48–49, 127–32.
41. Romano, x, 277–79; Amy C. Steinbugler, Beyond Loving: Intimate Racework in Lesbian, Gay, and Straight Interracial Relationships (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), chap. 5.
42. “Hon. Marcus Garvey Tells of Interview with Ku Klux Klan,” Negro World, July 15, 1922, 7; quoted in Bob Blaisdell, introduction to Selected Writings and Speeches of Marcus Garvey (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004), viii.
43. Romano, Race Mixing, 216–47 (quotes on 221, 222, 243).
44. Greg Carter, The United States of the United Races: A Utopian History of Race Mixing (New York: NYU Press, 2013).
45. Interracial, March 1977, title page.
46. Romano, Race Mixing, 139–40.
47. Will Kuby, Conjugal Misconduct: Defying Marriage Law in the Twentieth-Century United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 226–27.
48. Seidman, “Polluted Homosexual,” 40.
49. Blank, Straight, 164 (emphasis added).
50. For more on the visibility of heterosexual interracial couples, see Romano, Race Mixing; Steinbugler, Beyond Loving, 55.
51. Amy Steinbugler, “Hiding in Plain Sight: Why Queer Interraciality Is Unrecognizable to Strangers and Sociologists,” in Interracial Relationships in the 21st Century, 2nd ed., ed. Earl Smith and Angela Hatterly (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2013), 97.
52. Steinbugler, 99.
53. For more on this, see Somerville, Queering the Color Line (quote on 34).
54. See Cheryl D. Hicks, Talk with You like a Woman: African American Women, Justice, and Reform in New York, 1890–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 204–36.
55. Daphne Lofquist, Terry Lugaila, Martin O’Connell, and Sarah Feliz, “Households and Families: 2010” (US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, April 2012), 18, www.census.gov.
