on the human health effects of low-level methylmercury exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 120: 799–806.66 Karvinen, S., Sievanen, T., Karppinen, J.E., Hautasaari, P., Bart, G., Samoylenko, A., Vainio, S.J., Ahtiainen, J.P., Laakkonen, E.K., and Kujala, U.M. (2020). MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles in sweat change in response to endurance exercise. Front Physiol. 11: 676.
67 Klaassen, C.D. (2013). Toxicology the Basic Science of Poisons. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
68 Kobayashi, E., Suwazono, Y., Uetani, M., Kido, T., Nishijo, M., Nakagawa, H., and Nogawa, K. (2006). Tolerable level of lifetime cadmium intake estimated as a benchmark dose low, based on excretion of beta2-microglobulin in the cadmium-polluted regions of the Kakehashi River Basin, Japan. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 76: 8–15.
69 Kong, A.P., Xiao, K., Choi, K.C., Wang, G., Chan, M.H., Ho, C.S., Chan, I., Wong, C.K., Chan, J.C., and Szeto, C.C. (2012). Associations between microRNA (miR-21, 126, 155 and 221), albuminuria and heavy metals in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Clin. Chim. Acta 413: 1053–1057.
70 Kotorashvili, A., Ramnauth, A., Liu, C., Lin, J., Ye, K., Kim, R., Hazan, R., Rohan, T., Fineberg, S., and Loudig, O. (2012). Effective DNA/RNA co-extraction for analysis of microRNAs, mRNAs, and genomic DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. PLoS One 7: e34683.
71 Krol, J., Loedige, I., and Filipowicz, W. (2010). The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11: 597–610.
72 Lawrie, C.H., Gal, S., Dunlop, H.M., Pushkaran, B., Liggins, A.P., Pulford, K., Banham, A.H., Pezzella, F., Boultwood, J., Wainscoat, J.S., Hatton, C.S., and Harris, A.L. (2008). Detection of elevated levels of tumour-associated microRNAs in serum of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol. 141: 672–675.
73 Lei, L.J., Zhang, Z., Guo, J.Y., Shi, X.J., Zhang, G.Y., Kang, H., Gao, Y.Y., Hu, X.Q., Wang, T., and Mu, L.N. (2019). MiR-21 as a potential biomarker for renal dysfunction induced by cadmium exposure. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 12: 1631–1639.
74 Li, X., Shi, Y., Wei, Y., Ma, X., Li, Y., and Li, R. (2012). Altered expression profiles of microRNAs upon arsenic exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34: 381–387.
75 Li, Y., Li, P., Yu, S., Zhang, J., Wang, T., and Jia, G. (2014). miR-3940-5p associated with genetic damage in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium. Toxicol. Lett. 229: 319–326.
76 Li, Y., Ye, F., Wang, A., Wang, D., Yang, B., Zheng, Q., Sun, G., and Gao, X. (2016). Chronic arsenic poisoning probably caused by arsenic-based pesticides: Findings from an investigation study of a household. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13 (1): 133.
77 Libri, V., Miesen, P., Rij, V.A.N.R.P, and Buck, A.H. (2013). Regulation of microRNA biogenesis and turnover by animals and their viruses. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 70: 3525–3544.
78 Liu, J.Q., Niu, Q., Hu, Y.H., Li, Y., Wang, H.X., Xu, S.Z., Ding, Y.S., Li, S.G., and Ma, R.L. (2018). The bidirectional effects of arsenic on miRNA-21: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 31: 654–666.
79 Manning, F.C., Blankenship, L.J., Wise, J.P., Xu, J., Bridgewater, L.C., and Patierno, S.R. (1994). Induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation by carcinogenic chromate: Relationship to DNA damage, genotoxicity, and inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (Suppl 3): 159–167.
80 Mariner, P.D., Korst, A., Karimpour-Fard, A., Stauffer, B.L., Miyamoto, S.D., and Sucharov, C.C. (2018). Improved detection of circulating miRNAs in serum and plasma following rapid heat/freeze cycling. Microrna 7: 138–147.
81 Michailidi, C., Hayashi, M., Datta, S., Sen, T., Zenner, K., Oladeru, O., Brait, M., Izumchenko, E., Baras, A., Vandenbussche, C., Argos, M., Bivalacqua, T.J., Ahsan, H., Hahn, N.M., Netto, G.J., Sidransky, D., and Hoque, M.O. (2015). Involvement of epigenetics and EMT-related miRNA in arsenic-induced neoplastic transformation and their potential clinical use. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila) 8: 208–221.
82 Michlewski, G. and Caceres, J.F. (2019). Post-transcriptional control of miRNA biogenesis. RNA 25: 1–16.
83 Mitra, P., Goyal, T., Singh, P., Sharma, S., and Sharma, P. (2021). Assessment of circulating miR-20b, miR-221, and miR-155 in occupationally lead-exposed workers of North-Western India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 28: 3172–3181.
84 Mori, M.A., Ludwig, R.G., Garcia-Martin, R., Brandao, B.B., and Kahn, C.R. (2019). Extracellular miRNAs: From biomarkers to mediators of physiology and disease. Cell Metab. 30: 656–673.
85 Motta, V., Angelici, L., Nordio, F., Bollati, V., Fossati, S., Frascati, F., Tinaglia, V., Bertazzi, P.A., Battaglia, C., and Baccarelli, A.A. (2013). Integrative analysis of miRNA and inflammatory gene expression after acute particulate matter exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 132: 307–316.
86 Naranmandura, H., Suzuki, N., and Suzuki, K.T. (2006). Trivalent arsenicals are bound to proteins during reductive methylation. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19: 1010–1018.
87 Nath, K., Singh, D., Shyam, S., and Sharma, Y.K. (2009). Phytotoxic effects of chromium and tannery effluent on growth and metabolism of Phaseolus mungo Roxb. J. Environ. Biol. 30: 227–234.
88 Newman-Taylor, A. (1998). Cadmium. In Environmental and Occupational Medicine, W.N. Rom ed., Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven.
89 Noonan, C.W., Sarasua, S.M., Campagna, D., Kathman, S.J., Lybarger, J.A., and Mueller, P.W. (2002). Effects of exposure to low levels of environmental cadmium on renal biomarkers. Environ. Health Perspect. 110: 151–155.
90 O’Brien, T.J., Ceryak, S., and Patierno, S.R. (2003). Complexities of chromium carcinogenesis: Role of cellular response, repair and recovery mechanisms. Mutat. Res. 533: 3–36.
91 Ochoa-Martinez, A.C., Araiza-Gamboa, Y., Varela-Silva, J.A., Orta-Garcia, S.T., Carrizales-Yanez, L., and Perez-Maldonado, I.N. (2021). Effect of gene-environment interaction (arsenic exposure: PON1 Q192R polymorphism) on cardiovascular disease biomarkers in Mexican population. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 81: 103519.
92 Odame, E., Chen, Y., Zheng, S., Dai, D., Kyei, B., Zhan, S., Cao, J., Guo, J., Zhong, T., Wang, L., Li, L., and Zhang, H. (2021). Enhancer RNAs: Transcriptional regulators and workmates of NamiRNAs in myogenesis. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 26: 4.
93 Olsson, I.M., Bensryd, I., Lundh, T., Ottosson, H., Skerfving, S., and Oskarsson, A. (2002). Cadmium in blood and urine: Impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking: Association of renal effects. Environ. Health Perspect. 110: 1185–1190.
94 Pechova, A. and Pavlata, L. (2007). Chromium as an essential nutrient: A review. Vet Med (Praha) 52: 1–18.
95 Perez-Vazquez, M.S., Ochoa-Martinez, A.C., Ruiz-Vera, T., Araiza-Gamboa, Y., and Perez-Maldonado, I.N. (2017). Evaluation of epigenetic alterations (miR-126 and miR-155 expression levels) in Mexican children exposed to inorganic arsenic via drinking water. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 24: 28036–28045.
96 Podgorski, J. and Berg, M. (2020). Global threat of arsenic in groundwater. Science 368: 845–850.
97 Proctor, D.M., Suh, M., Campleman, S.L., and Thompson, C.M. (2014). Assessment of the mode of action for hexavalent chromium-induced lung cancer following inhalation exposures. Toxicology 325: 160–179.
98 Rager, J.E., Bailey, K.A., Smeester, L., Miller, S.K., Parker, J.S., Laine, J.E., Drobna, Z., Currier, J., Douillet, C., Olshan, A.F., Rubio-Andrade, M., Styblo, M., Garcia-Vargas, G., and Fry, R.C. (2014). Prenatal arsenic exposure and the epigenome: Altered microRNAs
