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Figure 3.7 Schematic view of communication pathways between cells. (a) Endocrine signaling. (b) Paracrine signaling. (c) Synaptic signaling. (d) Contact‐dependent signaling.
Source: Alberts et al. (2015). Adapted with permission of Garland Science.
Table 3.2 Most important hormones in humans.
| Hormone | Hormone gland | Target | Activity/function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Releasing hormones (P) | Hypothalamus | Adenohypophysis | Regulate release of hormones from adenohypophysis |
| Inhibitory hormones (P) | Hypothalamus | Adenohypophysis | Regulate release of hormones from adenohypophysis |
| Oxytocin (P) | Hypothalamus | Uterus, mammary gland | Stored and released from neurohypophysis; stimulates uterus contractions, milk secretion, love, and empathy |
| Thyreotropin (GP) | Adenohypophysis | Thyroid | Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroxin |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (P) | Adenohypophysis | Adrenal cortex | Stimulates secretion of hormones of adrenal cortex |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) (GP) | Adenohypophysis | Gonads | Stimulates secretion of sex hormones from ovary and testes |
| Follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) (GP) | Adenohypophysis | Gonads | Stimulates development of egg and sperm cells |
| Somatotropin (hGH) (P) | Adenohypophysis | Bones, liver, muscles | Stimulates protein synthesis and growth |
| Prolactin (P) | Adenohypophysis | Mammary | Stimulates milk production |
| Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) (GP) | Adenohypophysis | Melanocytes | Regulates pigmentation of skin |
| Endorphins, enkephalins (P) | Adenohypophysis | Neurons of spinal cord | Analgesic properties |
| Adiuretin (ADH, vasopressin) (P) | Neurohypophysis | Kidneys | Stimulates water reabsorption and increases blood pressure |
| Melatonin (AA) | Epiphysis | Hypothalamus | Regulates biological rhythms (e.g. day/night rhythm) |
| Thyroxin (AA) | Thyroid | Many tissues | General stimulant of metabolism |
| Calcitonin (P) | Thyroid | Bones | Stimulates bone formation, lowers Ca2+ levels in blood |
| Parathormone (P) | Parathyroid | Bones | Stimulates bone absorption, increases Ca2+ levels in blood |
| Thymosins (P) | Thymus | Leukocytes | Activates T‐cell activity |
| Glucagon (P) | Pancreas | Liver | Stimulates glycogen breakdown, increases blood sugar levels |
| Somatostatin (P) | Pancreas | Pancreas | Inhibits release of glucagon, insulin, and digestive enzymes |
| Insulin (P) | Pancreas | Liver, muscles | Stimulates uptake of glucose and glycogen formation |
| Gastrin (P) | Stomach | Stomach | Stimulates release of digestive juices, enhances motility of stomach |
| Secretin (P) | Duodenum | Pancreas, stomach, gall bladder | Regulates digestion processes, induces contraction of gall bladder |
| Adrenaline/noradrenaline (AA) | Adrenal medulla | Heart, liver, blood vessels | Stimulates glycogen breakdown; stimulate heart, circulation, and blood pressure |
| Cortisol (glucocorticoid) (S) | Adrenal cortex | Muscles, many tissues | Regulates stress reactions, stimulates metabolism of proteins and lipids, undergoes gluconeogenesis, inhibits inflammatory reactions |
| Aldosterone (mineral corticoid) (S) | Adrenal cortex | Kidneys | Stimulates excretion of K+ and ammonium ions and Na+ reabsorption |
| Estrogen (S) | Ovary | Mammary, uterus | Regulates development and function of female sexual characters and sexual behavior |
| Progesterone (gestagen) (S) | Ovary (corpus luteum) | Uterus | Important for pregnancy and embryonic development |
| Testosterone (S) | Testes | Diverse tissues |
Regulates formation of sperm cells, development and function of male sexual characters and sexual behavior; can enhance aggressiveness
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