The Accessory Secretory (Sec) System
The Cotranslational Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP) System
The Twin-Arginine Transport (TAT) System
Secretion Systems Specific to Gram-Negative Bacteria
Sec-Dependent Secretion Systems
Sec-Independent Secretion Systems
Specialized Secretion Systems Specific to Gram-Positive Bacteria
General Secretory Transporter Systems in Gram-Positive Bacteria
Cytolysin-Mediated Translocation (CMT) in S. pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Type 7 Secretion System (T7SS)
Selected Readings
Questions
Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
CHAPTER 14 Virulence Regulation
Virulence Gene Regulation
Mechanisms of Regulation
Operons, Regulons, and Global Regulators
Activators and Repressors
Two-Component Regulatory Systems
Sigma Factors
Transcriptional Terminators and Antiterminators
Regulation of Translation Initiation
Regulatory Small RNAs
Bacterial Chromatin
Responding to Environmental Signals
Phase Variation and Bistable Switches
Hypermutability, Intragenomic Recombination, and Positive Selection
Coordinate Virulence Regulation
Quorum Sensing
Chemotaxis
Selected Readings
Questions
Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
Special Global Perspective Problems: Integrating Concepts in Pathogenesis
CHAPTER 15 Antimicrobial Compounds and Their Targets
Antimicrobial Compounds: The Safety Net of Modern Medicine
The Importance of Antimicrobial Compounds
Avoiding, Reducing, and Preventing Exposure
Killing versus Inhibiting Growth
Tests Used To Assess Antibiotics
Antiseptics and Disinfectants
Antibiotics
Characteristics of Antibiotics
The Process of Antibiotic Discovery
The Economics of Antibiotic Discovery
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action
Targets of Antibiotic Action
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Antibiotics That Target DNA and RNA Synthesis
Inhibitors of Tetrahydrofolate Biosynthesis
The Newest Antibiotics
The Newest Antibiotic Targets
Strategies for Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy
The Continuing Challenge
Selected Readings
Questions
Solving Problems in Bacterial Pathogenesis
CHAPTER 16 Antibiotic Resistance
The Dawning of Awareness—Uh, We Have a Problem!
How Did We Get to Where We Are?
And Now the Really Scary Part …
Emergence and Challenge of Multidrug Resistance (MDR)
Multiple Resistance and Genetic Linkage
Next-Generation MDR Pathogens: The “Superbugs”!
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Overview of Resistance Mechanisms
Resistance to Antiseptics and Disinfectants
Limiting Access of the Antibiotic
Enzymatic Inactivation of the Antibiotic
Modification or Protection of the Antibiotic Target
Failure to Activate an Antibiotic
Regulation of Resistance Genes
Antibiotic Tolerance and Persister Cells
Antibiotic Tolerance
Persistence
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) of Resistance Genes
Propagating and Maintaining Antibiotic Resistance through Selective Pressure and Changes in Fitness
Will We Return to the Pre-Antibiotic Era?
Returning to Status Quo or Moving Forward?
