Approaches to Detect Protein Biomarkers
Agglutination
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
Protein Arrays to Detect Polygenic Diseases
Immunoassays for Protein Conformation-Specific Disorders
DNA-Based Diagnostic Approaches
Hybridization Probes
PCR-Based Detection Methods
DNA Microarrays
Whole Genome Sequencing to Assess Genetic Disease Risk
Detecting RNA Signatures of Disease
Detection of Disease-Associated Changes in Gene Expression Using Microarrays
Detection of RNA Signatures of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Detection of miRNA Signatures of Cancers
Biofluorescent and Bioluminescent Systems
Fluorescent Proteins
Luciferase
Microbial Biosensors
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Pharmaceuticals
Human Interferons
Human Growth Hormone
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Extending Protein Half-Life
Enzymes
DNase I
Alginate Lyase
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
α1-Antitrypsin
Glycosidases
Masking Nonhuman Epitopes
Engineering Bacteriophages
Targeting Mitochondria
Lactic Acid Bacteria
Interleukin-10
Leptin
An HIV Inhibitor
Insulin
Recombinant Antibodies
Hybrid Human–Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies
Human Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibody Fragments
Combinatorial Libraries of Antibody Fragments
A Combinatorial Library of Full-Length Antibodies
Shuffling CDR Sequences
Dual-Variable-Domain Antibodies
Anticancer Antibodies
Antibodies Against Various Diseases
Antiobesity Antibodies
Enhanced Antibody Half-Life
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
6 Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Agents
Targeting Specific mRNA and DNA Sequences
Antisense RNA
Aptamers
Ribozymes and DNAzymes
Interfering RNA
Zinc Finger Nucleases
CRISPR-Cas System
Nanozymes
Nanoparticles
Viral Delivery Systems
Nonviral Delivery Systems
Direct Injection
Lipids
Bacteria
Dendrimers
Antibodies
Aptamers
Transposons
Gene Therapy
Prodrug Activation Therapy
Promoterless Gene Targeting
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Vaccination
Current and Future Vaccines
Subunit Vaccines
Herpes Simplex Virus
Cholera
SARS
Staphylococcus aureus
Human Papillomavirus
