the yield of sennosides A and B (Putaluna et al. 2006; Dave and Ledwani 2012). The L-phenylalanine incorporation in the culture media of 36-month-old calli of C. fistula increased the production of polyphenolic compounds (Neergheen and Bahorun 2002). In this order, the quercetin and emodin were estimated in in vivo leaves and in vitro calli of C. tora (Nandani et al. 2013; Saito et al. 2012).
Rotenoids are a group of ketonic compounds having chromanone ring structure. The recovery of rotenoids was found to be maximum in the roots and minimum in the stem of C. occidentalis. The isolated compounds were found to effective against Anopheles stephensi larvae with lethal concentration. Precursors were fed to increase the rotenoid production in vitro. Phenylalanine and methionine increased the production by twofold than the control (Vats and Kamal 2014a,b,c).
The heat-treated and sun-dried leaves of C. alata along with kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside were assessed for anti-inflammatory activity. The strong inhibitory effects were showed by extracts of heat-treated and sun-dried leaves on concanavalin A-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal exudate cells. The heat-treated leaf extract demonstrated higher anti-inflammatory activity than sun-dried leaf extract (Moriyama et al. 2003). From suspension cultures of Cassia didymobotrya, several polyphenolic compounds were characterized: 7-acetylchrysophanol, chrysophanol-physcion-10,10′-bianthrone, (E)- and (Z)-3′-hydroxy-3,4,5′-trimethoxystilbene, (E)-4,3′-dihydroxy-3,5′-dimethoxystilbene, and 7,4′-dihydroxy-3,5,3′-trimethoxyflavone (Delle Monache et al. 1991).
Maximum callus induction was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D and kinetin. Sigmoid growth pattern was obtained with the highest growth index was on days 30–34 and lowest at day 15 of subculture (Vats and Kamal 2014a). The estimated values of experimental study were revealed that the maximum yield of flavonoids was found in the leaves of C. occidentalis, while in the stem the values were minimum. Plant parts and in vitro cultures were studied for their antioxidant potential using DPPH assay. Among the plant parts, the highest activity was found to be in the leaves and the lowest in the seeds (Vats and Kamal 2014b).
Cell culture studies of C. tora were carried out by using nodal explants. Maximum callus yield was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D, NAA, and kinetin. Highest growth index was obtained at the 30th day of subculture in both the plants. Analysis of plant parts revealed maximum content of flavonoids in leaves and minimum in stem. The plant parts and in vitro cultures were also studied for their antioxidant potential (Vats and Kamal 2014c). Two novel alkaloids with an unprecedented tricyclic skeleton, cassiarins A and B, have been isolated from the leaves of Cassia siamea, and the structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. Cassiarin A showed a potent antiplasmodial activity (Morita et al. 2007).
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