Asinara Island Na...Figure 19.42 Spatial planning for a network of green infrastructure in the C...20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Annual average rates of net primary productivity across the plan...Figure 20.2 Patterns in the human appropriation of net primary production (H...Figure 20.3 Global patterns in forest and ocean net primary production (NPP)...Figure 20.4 Temporal patterns in primary production. (a) Interannual variati...Figure 20.5 Contrasting sources of organic matter in aquatic communities. Va...Figure 20.6 NPP in relation to biomass. The relationship between average net...Figure 20.7 Patterns in photosynthetic efficiency in contrasting terrestrial...Figure 20.8 Net primary production (NPP) tends to increase with both precipi...Figure 20.9 The relationships between NPP, precipitation and temperature in ...Figure 20.10 Net primary production (NPP) in broadleaf forests tends to incr...Figure 20.11 Length of growing season in relation to precipitation and tempe...Figure 20.12 Predicted regions of the earth where terrestrial net primary pr...Figure 20.13 Primary production tends to increase with both species and func...Figure 20.14 Increased yield with species richness in grassland experiments ...Figure 20.15 Comparing richness‐based and human perturbation effects on biom...Figure 20.16 Relationship between primary production, photosynthetically act...Figure 20.17 Relationship between gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosy...Figure 20.18 Net primary production (NPP) in relation to temperature and pho...Figure 20.19 Gross primary production (GPP) declines with ocean depth. (a) T...Figure 20.20 Examples of vertical chlorophyll profiles recorded in the ocean...Figure 20.21 Secondary productivity depends on primary productivity. (a) Sea...Figure 20.22 Relationships between herbivore consumption and primary product...Figure 20.23 Patterns in energy flow. (a) Energy flow through a trophic comp...Figure 20.24 The percentage of net primary production (NPP) consumed by herb...Figure 20.25 Frequency distribution of trophic‐level transfer efficiencies i...Figure 20.26 General patterns of energy flow. Energy flow for (a) a forest, ...Figure 20.27 Patterns in the fate of NPP. Box plots showing for a range of e...Figure 20.28 Temporal patterns in ecosystem energetics. Monthly mean values ...Figure 20.29 Galápagos caterpillars are more abundant in wet years. Ann...
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 The relationship between energy flow and nutrient flux. Nutrient...Figure 21.2 Components of the nutrient budgets of a terrestrial and an aquat...Figure 21.3 A model of phosphorus (P) dynamics during primary succession. Th...Figure 21.4 Global distribution of eutrophication‐related coastal dead zones...Figure 21.5 Simulated global map of total phosphorus from the atmosphere. No...Figure 21.6 Wetfall and dryfall along a rainfall gradient. Annual atmospheri...Figure 21.7 A simplified model of nitrogen transformations in ecosystems. Li...Figure 21.8 Annual carbon budgets for an old and a young ponderosa pine fore...Figure 21.9 Concentrations of ions in streamwater from the experimentally de...Figure 21.10 Nutrient spiralling in a river channel and adjacent wetland are...Figure 21.11 The position of a lake with respect to other water bodies in th...Figure 21.12 Nitrogen flux in an estuary. Conceptual model of nitrogen (N) f...Figure 21.13 The export to river mouths of nitrogen increases with human pop...Figure 21.14 The effect of river damming on silicate concentration at the ri...Figure 21.15 Contours of nitrate concentration during upwelling events along...Figure 21.16 Source of catchment inputs of nitrogen (N) to the Baltic Sea ac...Figure 21.17 Biologically mediated transformations of carbon in the open oce...Figure 21.18 Patterns in (a) chlorophyll a and (b) silicate and nitrate conc...Figure 21.19 Adding dissolved iron to the ocean leads to dramatic increases ...Figure 21.20 The hydrological cycle. Fluxes are shown as arrows (× 106 km3 y...Figure 21.21 A process‐based ecosystem model for the Hubbard Brook forest....Figure 21.22 Projected effects of climate change in different forests. The r...Figure 21.23 Global cycles of (a) phosphorus, (b) nitrogen and (c) sulphur. ...Figure 21.24 The global carbon cycle. Major pools are shown in boxes (Pg C) ...Figure 21.25 Concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Ob...Figure 21.26 The global fluxes of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere (sources)...
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 The last 541 million years of the Earth's geological history....Figure 22.2 Indexes of change in population size (standardised at 1.0 for th...Figure 22.3 Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate species richness and l...Figure 22.4 Projected carbon dioxide emissions and surface temperature for f...Figure 22.5 Annual mean change in (a) surface temperature and (b) precipitat...Figure 22.6 Tree species vulnerability to projected climate warming. (a) Ran...Figure 22.7 Loss of circumboreal forest to wildfire. (a) Distribution of the...Figure 22.8 Projected mismatches between migratory birds’ arrival time and t...Figure 22.9 Distributional shifts to newly appropriate climatic zones may be...Figure 22.10 Ocean warming, body size and viability of an important fishery.Figure 22.11 Current and projected distributions of 10 biomes and three anth...Figure 22.12 Acid rain declining in Europe and North America but increasing ...Figure 22.13 Projected global pattern of ocean acidification in relation to ...Figure 22.14 Effects of ocean acidification on different trophic levels. Eff...Figure 22.15 Individual and combined effects of land‐use change and climate ...Figure 22.16 Frequency distributions of wildlife abundance changes between 1...Figure 22.17 Influence of projected global nitrogen and phosphorus emissions...Figure 22.18 Projected global and regional patterns of change in export of n...Figure 22.19 Global and regional patterns of increased incidence of eutrophi...Figure 22.20 Comparison of historic, current and planned water flows in the ...Figure 22.21 Ozone thinning in the Antarctic is being reversed as a result o...Figure 22.22 Current and projected distribution of plastic on coral reefs. M...Figure 22.23 Projected changes in catch for five important fisheries. Fitted...Figure 22.24 Map of global rights‐based fishery (RBP) programmes. Thes...Figure 22.25 Projected changes in the distribution of two invasive plant spe...Figure 22.26 Global map of the propensity of the world's protected areas to ...Figure 22.27 Current and projected distributions of the world’s most invasiv...Figure 22.28 Principal drivers of biodiversity change in various terrestrial...Figure 22.29 The current state of control variables for critical earth syste...
Guide
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