19Table 19.1 The slopes of species–area relationships are typically steeper for isl...Table 19.2 Activities permitted or prohibited for different levels of protection ...11 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Net primary production (NPP) per year for major biomes and for the pla...
12 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Global mean (± SE) carbon pools and fluxes in managed and unmanaged fo...Table 21.2 Sources of nitrogen for three continental shelf areas. Atmospheric dep...
13 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Critical earth‐system processes, their control variables, proposed pla...
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The fathers of evolution. (a) Charles Darwin. Detail from paintin...Figure 1.2 At a given temperature, tadpoles from higher latitudes developed ...Figure 1.3 Local adaptation of rare sapphire rockcress plants. When plants o...Figure 1.4 Meta‐analyses reveal generalities about local adaptation. R...Figure 1.5 The frequency of andromorphs of local damselfly populations in Ja...Figure 1.6 Contrasting ecotypes of the periwinkle Littorina saxatilis from S...Figure 1.7 The frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in western Br...Figure 1.8 The orthodox picture of ecological speciation. A uniform species ...Figure 1.9 Many different species of Darwin’s finches have evolved on the Ga...Figure 1.10 Closure of a ring distribution of bulbul morphotypes. (a) Distri...Figure 1.11 Sympatric speciation in the cichlid fish Amphilophus citrinellus...Figure 1.12 Sympatric speciation in Howea palms. Two species of Howea palm o...Figure 1.13 Biodiversity hot spots. Twenty‐five biodiversity hot spots ident...Figure 1.14 Continental drift means that continents that are now separate we...Figure 1.15 Parallel evolution of marsupial and placental mammals. The pairs...Figure 1.16 An evolutionary tree linking 93 species of picture‐winged Drosop...Figure 1.17 Contrasting changes in the distribution of spruce and oak specie...Figure 1.18 Contrasting changes between fossil and current distributions of ...Figure 1.19 Forest species richness is positively related to forest ‘stabili...Figure 1.20 A phylogenetic split bisecting insect and bird biotas into north...Figure 1.21 The invasion of Parthenium weed. This weed is invasive in the co...Figure 1.22 World distribution of the major biomes of vegetation.Figure 1.23 Biomes in relation to rainfall and temperature. The variety of e...Figure 1.24 Raunkiaer’s life forms. The drawings above depict the vari...Figure 1.25 Species traits in streams. Relationships between the representat...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Response curves illustrating the effects of a range of environmen...Figure 2.2 The ecological niche in one, two and three dimensions. (a) A nich...Figure 2.3 The use of ordination to facilitate understanding of the multidim...Figure 2.4 Ecological niche modelling. The first step is to characterise a s...Figure 2.5 Modelling the potential range of an invasive starfish. (a) Curren...Figure 2.6 Ordination contrasts the multidimensional niches of native and in...Figure 2.7 Location of fossil bones of the takahe in the South Island of New...Figure 2.8 Exponential effects of temperature on metabolic reactions. (a) Th...Figure 2.9 Effectively linear relationships between rates of growth and deve...Figure 2.10 The temperature–size rule (final size decreases with increasing ...Figure 2.11 The avenues of heat exchange between an ectotherm and its enviro...Figure 2.12 Examples of the thermoneutral zone. (a) Thermostatic heat produc...Figure 2.13 Acclimatisation involves conversion of glycogen to glycerol in a...Figure 2.14 Alfalfa can be selected for improved freezing tolerance. (a) Tol...Figure 2.15 The chilling tolerance of Miscanthus can be transferred to Sacch...Figure 2.16 Features of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Nort...Figure 2.17 The abundance of three‐year‐old cod, Gadus morhua, in the Barent...Figure 2.18 The treelines (high‐altitude limits of forest cover) of the worl...Figure 2.19 Warm boundary limits of nine Australian fish species are correla...Figure 2.20 Geographic variation in thermal tolerances. (a) Terrestrial ecto...Figure 2.21 Niches of cover crops in terms of temperature and base water pot...Figure 2.22 Metabolic expenditure in relation to salinity for two shrimp spe...Figure 2.23 General zonation scheme for the seashore determined by relative ...Figure 2.24 Individuals of Platynympha longicaudata in a polluted site are m...Figure 2.25 Acid emissions have been decreasing in Europe since 1970 while t...Figure 2.26 Atmospheric concentrations of CO2during the past 420 000 years a...Figure 2.27 Total annual anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1...Figure 2.28 Annual land
