Konge, kirke og samfund. Группа авторов

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Konge, kirke og samfund - Группа авторов

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Meget taler endda for, at de altid har været det. Også under Valdemar Atterdag opkrævedes årlige eller næsten årlige “beder”. Et fuldt færdigt skattesystem anes umiskendeligt bag Knud den Helliges gavebrev 1085 og er næppe indført af helgenkongen i hans korte, hektiske regeringstid. Et skattesystem er vel simpelthen definitionen på et civiliseret samfund.

      Jagten på bøndernes indflydelse tog sig forgæves ud, skønt almuens samtykke tydeligt optrådte som et levende ideal ved festlige lejligheder. Reelt blev skatterne dikteret af konge og rigsråd, mens forfatningens smukke ord tilsyneladende kun figurerede til pynt. Og alligevel. Indirekte spillede frygten for skatteydernes reaktion en betydelig rolle, og bøndernes organiserede fællesskab var uundværligt under skatteopkrævningen, selv om det blot anes som dunkle bølgeslag under det politiske spil.

       Summary: Danish Taxes in the Later Middle Ages: The Coronation Tax of 1524

      Based upon the abundant archives of the Royal Chancery and the Council of the Realm in the Danish National Archives in Copenhagen (Rigsarkivet), the article concentrates on the extraordinary levies granted by the Council of the Realm and levied by the King and his officials. Financially, the great advantage to the Crown was that these levies were not only collected from the freeholders and royal peasants, but also from the tenants of the otherwise tax-free aristocracy. It is shown that these extraordinary levies were in fact imposed quite regularly and collected about every second year in the period under the first four kings of the Oldenborg dynasty (1448-1533), the intervening years being used to collect the arrears. In the decades immediately prior to the Danish Reformation of 1536 the rates were increased with a new tax every year, due to political crises as well as the start of the sixteenth-century economic boom. Constitutionally, the assent of the peasants was required, but evidently this was only a formality that was not taken seriously by the rulers. The actual influence of the peasants was brought to bear in other ways, however, such as denials or open rebellions. As a particularly well-documented example, King Frederik I’s coronation tax of 1524 is analysed from the negotiations between King and Council which led to the official acceptance of the tax by the Council and its imposition all over the realm. Correspondence and accounts show in detail the levying by tax collectors and the final payments to the King’s residence by the appointed officials. The coronation tax was unusual in the stipulation of an exact amount, 100,000 guilders, which the Council swore to provide before the Kieler Umschlag in January 1526. The amount included not only the taxation of the peasants, but also four other special taxes, i.e. of bishops, the holders of fiefs, the towns and the parish churches.

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