The Complete Guide to Japanese Kanji. Kenneth G. Henshall

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kado

      gate, door

      8 strokes

      正門 SEIMON main gate

      門番 MONBAN doorman

      門出 kadode departure

      Based on pictograph of a closed double gate or door; OBI form . MR2007:457; SS1984:824-5; OT1968:1055.

      Mnemonic: A DOUBLE-DOORED GATE

      232

      L4

      夜

      YA, yo, yoru

      night

      8 strokes

      夜行性 YAKŌSEI nocturnal

      夜明け yoake dawn

      夜昼 yoruhiru night and day

      Bronze form has 夕 46 ‘moon’ (later ‘evening’), and the NJK 亦 (‘again’) as phonetic (associated sense disputed). Tōdō includes in a word-family meaning ‘alternating shape or pattern’, in this case night and day. KJ1970:89; YK1976:473; TA1965:332-6. We suggest taking 亠 as a top-hat, ‘person’ 亻 41, ‘moon’ 夕 , and an extra stroke.

      Mnemonic: PERSON PUTS TOP HAT ON AT NIGHT TO AVOID MOON-STROKE

      233

      L4

      野

      YA, no

      moor, wild

      11 strokes

      野生 YASEI wild

      野球 YAKYŪ baseball

      野原 nohara moor, field

      The graph made up of these elements can be traced back only as far as the seal script (Shuowen). It comprises 里 238 ‘village’, and 予 425 (‘already’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘calm, quiet’. KJ1970:874; MS1995:v2:1356; YK1976:474.

      Mnemonic: VILLAGE ALREADY BUILT ON WILD MOOR

      234

      L5

      友

      YŪ, tomo

      friend

      4 strokes

      友人 YŪJIN friend

      友情 YŪJŌ friendship

      友達 tomodachi friend

      OBI form shows two hands together, to signify ‘help’, ‘togetherness’, and so also ‘friend’. MR2007:271; KJ1970:38; SS1984:832; YK1976:477-8.

      Mnemonic: TWO HANDS TOGETHER IS A SIGN OF FRIENDSHIP

      235

      L4

      用

      YŌ, mochiiru

      use

      5 strokes

      用事 YŌJI business

      用意 YŌI preparation

      悪用 AKUYŌ abuse

      OBI form is widely taken to show a pen for animals which were sometimes used in the Shang dynasty for sacrifice; ‘use’ is probably loan usage. Ma interprets it as depicting a bucket. SS1984:844; KJ1970:885; YK1976:482; AS2007:577; MR2007:283.

      Mnemonic: MAKE USE OF A FENCE

      236

      L4

      曜

      YŌ

      day of week, shine

      18 strokes

      曜日 YŌbi day of week

      火曜日 KAYŌbi Tuesday

      七曜 SHICHIYŌ days of week

      Late graph, not in Shuowen. Noted in late 6th century AD Yupian as having same meaning as 燿 (NJK), i.e. ‘shine’, and Yamada and Katō treat 隹 324 (‘bird’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘shine’. Morohashi, though, explains the Japanese-only sense ‘day of the week’ as: ‘shine’/‘bright’ 明 228, which gives 日 66 ‘sun’ and 月 18 ‘moon’, to which was added the traditional five-planet group 火水木金土 (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn respectively); each of these seven then combines with 曜 to give 日曜 ‘Sunday’, 月曜 ‘Monday’, and so on. KJ1970:84; YK1976:486; MT1989:v5:945. Suggest taking 日 in its two meanings of sun and day, and as its elements, ‘wings’ 羽 82 and ‘bird’ 隹 324.

      Mnemonic: SUN WINGS ITS WAY LIKE A BIRD – ANOTHER DAY PASSES

      237

      L5

      来

      RAI, kuru, kitaru/su

      come

      7 strokes

      来月 RAIGETSU next month

      新来者 SHINRAISHA newcomer

      出来事 dekigoto occurrence

      Traditional 來; OBI . Treated by almost all scholars as based on pictograph of wheat / barley, which was then borrowed as a loan for the (near/) homophonous word for ‘come’. Frequently used already in OBI texts for ‘come’. But Pulleyblank suggests that 來 is the original graph for the cereal, and that the separate graph 麥, meaning ‘wheat’ (with 夂 ‘foot’, see Appendix) was originally intended for ‘come’ (see also 213). MS1995:v1:62-4; QX2000:287-8; MR2007:329; KJ1970:286-7; SS1984:1861; AS2007:374, 342-3. We suggest taking the modern components as 十 35 ‘ten’and 米 220 ‘rice’.

      Mnemonic: WHEAT COMES TO BE TEN GRAINS OF RICE!?

      238

      L1

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