alt="Image"/> as phonetic; generally, taken as associated sense unclear and the whole graph originally representing a specific river name, then loaned for ‘warm’. Mizukami, however, lists the above OBI forms as showing someone with water in a bath-like container, regards associated sense of the phonetic as ‘warm’, and takes the meaning as ‘river with warm current’ or ‘steamy warm water’. He also treats the same OBI form as the earliest form of 浴 625 ‘bathe’, listing different shapes for 温 and 浴 only at the seal stage. MS1995:V2,772-3; KJ1970:114; YK1976:76. We suggest taking the modern graph as 氵 42 ‘water’, 日 66 ‘sun’, and 皿 300 ‘bowl’.
Mnemonic: SUN WARMS WATER IN A BOWL
258
L3
化
KA, KE, bakeru/kasu
change, bewitch
4 strokes
変化 HENKA change
化粧 KESHŌ make-up
化け物 bakemono ‘spook’
Traditional 化. OBI form depicts ‘person’ 亻 41 (‘standing’), with element ( in Japanese) for person fallen down – indicating change of state – acting as phonetic with associated sense range ‘become different, imitate, false’. The graph is in Tōdō’s word-family meaning ‘change shape’. MS1995:v1:54-5; KJ1970:305-06; YK1976:77; TA1965:607-09.
Mnemonic: STANDING MAN IS BEWITCHED AND FALLS DOWN CHANGED
259
L4
荷
KA, ni
load, burden
10 strokes
出荷 SHUKKA consignment
船荷 funani ship’s cargo
荷物 niMOTSU luggage
A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 艹 53 ‘plant, vegetation’, and 何 86 (‘what?’) as phonetic, original meaning ‘lotus plant’. Early Chinese word for ‘carry on shoulder/back’ was originally written 何, but when 何 came to be used for a near-homophone meaning ‘who?’, ‘what?’, 荷 was borrowed for ‘carry’. AS2007:273,275; YK1976:83; TA1965:583-6.
Mnemonic: WHAT PLANTS ARE IN THAT LOAD?
260
L4
界
KAI
area, boundary
9 strokes
世界 SEKAI world
境界 KYŌKAI boundary
政界 SEIKAI world of politics
A late graph (Shuowen) . Has 田 63 ‘field’, and 1094 介 (modern meaning ‘come between’) here as phonetic with associated sense ‘divide’, giving original meaning ‘divide up fields’. In Tōdō’s word-family meaning ‘divide in two; interval, gap’. KJ1970:143; YK1976:90; TA1965:601-05.
Mnemonic: DIVIDE FIELDS INTO AREAS WITH BOUNDARIES
261
L4
開
KAI, hiraku, akeru
open
12 strokes
開発 KAIHATSU development
開始 KAISHI inception
開き綱 hirakizuna rip-cord
A relatively late graph (Shuowen) . Has 門 231 ‘gate’, and an inner element taken i] as 幵 ‘face, oppose’ (the two leaves of opened gate facing each other) (Yamada, Katō), or ii] two hands reaching out to remove the crossbar (Shirakawa, Ogawa). YK1976:91; KJ1970:143; SS1984:92-3; OT1968:1057.
Mnemonic: HANDS REMOVE BAR AND OPEN GATE
262
L3
階
KAI
storey, grade, step
12 strokes
階段 KAIDAN stairs
二階 NIKAI upstairs
階級 KAIKYŪ class, grade
Late graph (Shuowen) . Has determinative 阝 ‘piled-up earth, mound’ (short form of 阜 1907), and 皆 1099 (modern meaning ‘all, everyone’) as phonetic with associated sense ‘be lined up’, or ‘be in unison’. KJ1970:152; YK1976:91; OT1968:1072. Note that the determinative 阝 can also occur as a right-hand element, with different etymology and meaning; see 都 376 and 阜 1907 for further discussion.
Mnemonic: ALL THE MOUNDS SHOULD HAVE STEPS LINED UP
263
L4
寒
KAN, samui
cold
12 strokes
寒波 KANPA cold spell/wave
寒気 samuKE a chill
寒暖計 KANDANKEI thermometer
Bronze form A ; bronze form B ; seal form . Form A shows a roof/dwelling, with gathered vegetation inside to keep occupant warm from the cold (Shirakawa). Form B additionally has two horizontal lines sometimes taken to represent ice (Yamada), but ice was not normally represented in this way; instead, the lines might indicate mats to lie on (Shirakawa, Karlgren also
alt="Image"/> as phonetic; generally, taken as associated sense unclear and the whole graph originally representing a specific river name, then loaned for ‘warm’. Mizukami, however, lists the above OBI forms as showing someone with water in a bath-like container, regards associated sense of the phonetic as ‘warm’, and takes the meaning as ‘river with warm current’ or ‘steamy warm water’. He also treats the same OBI form as the earliest form of 浴 625 ‘bathe’, listing different shapes for 温 and 浴 only at the seal stage. MS1995:V2,772-3; KJ1970:114; YK1976:76. We suggest taking the modern graph as 氵 42 ‘water’, 日 66 ‘sun’, and 皿 300 ‘bowl’.
