Chromosomes 8 and 14
•American form = Abdominal organs, ovary, girls
•African form = jaws, boys
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
•Children
•CNS infiltrate
•Ecchymoses
•Lymphoblast
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
•B-Cells
•Aged men
•Early hypogammaglobinemia Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia
•Low IgG
Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)
•Auer rods in myeloblasts
•Adults
•DIC
•Increased PT, PTT
•Splenomegaly
•Translocation 15 and 17
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
•Blastic crisis
•Marked leukocytosis
•Middle aged (35-50)
•Myeloid stem cells
•Translocation of 9 and 22 (Philadelphia chromosome)
•No lymphadenopathy
•Splenomegaly
•Ethanol Abuse
Multiple Myeloma
•60+ years
•Normocytic normochromic anemia
•M-protein spike, IgG or IgM
•Urine Bence Jones protein
•Lytic-punched out bony lesions
•Rouleaux formation by RBCs
•Hypercalcemia
•Russell’s bodies
Infectious Mononucleosis
•Rupture of spleen
•Hepatosplenomegaly
•EBV
•Cytotoxic T cells
5. HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS
Disseminated Intra-vascular Coagulation (DIC)
•Petechial hemorrhage, purpura
•Low fibrinogen
•Prolonged PT and PTT
•Schistocytes
•Abruptio placentae
•Fibrin cross-linkage
Primary Haemostatic Hemorrhage
•Thrombocytopenia (DIC)
•Vitamin C deficiency
•Willebrand’s Disease
•Klansman’s Disease
•Mucocutaneous hemorrhage
Secondary Haemostatic Hemorrhage
•Hemophilia
•Bleeding of large vessels
•Factor VIII
•Vitamin K deficiency
•Hepatic diseases
6. PULMONARY DISORDERS
Bronchiectasis
•More in bases than apices, except in TB
•Paroxysmal cough
•Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis)
•Kartagener’s Syndrome
•Permanent abnormal bronchial dilatation
•Obstruction by tumor
•Chronic sinusitis
Lobar Pneumonia
•Pneumococcus
•Klebsiella
•Interalveolar exudate
Pneumocystis Carnii Pneumonia
•Fluffy foamy intra-alveolar exudate
•Helmet shaped cells with silver stain
•AIDS
•Upper lobes
Cytomegalovirus
•Pneumonia associated with bone transplant and Immune suppressed states
•Leukopenia
•Owl’s eye intranuclear inclusion
Mycoplasma
•Hyaline membrane
•Cold agglutinin
•Negative gram stain
•Atypical pneumonia
•Children, young adults
Tuberculosis
•Caseous necrosis
•Caseating Granulomas
•Acid-fast positivity
•Ziehl Neilson positive
•Langham’s giant cells
•Ghon complex
Histoplasmosis
