•Hyperlipidemia
•Hypoproteinemia
•Severe proteinuria
Nephritic Syndrome
•Oliguria
•Hypertension
•Azotemia
•Smoky-brown urine
•Urinary Blood Cell Casts (Hematuria)
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
•Immune complex nephritis; Type I
•Dense deposit disease; Type II
•Tram-track-like membrane
Diabetic Glomerulonephritis
•IDDM
•Edema, hypertension
•Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule in kidney glomeruli
•Increased BUN, cholesterol
•Low albumin
•Papillary necrosis
•Retinopathy
Benign Nephrosclerosis
•60+ age
•Hyaline arteriosclerosis
•Diabetes and hypertension
Malignant (Hypertension) Nephrosclerosis
•Onion-skinning
•Flea bitten kidney
•Necrotizing lesions
Renal Cell Carcinoma
•Most common renal malignancy
•Men 50-70
•Polygonal Clear Cells
•Hematogenous spread
•Smoking
•Renal vein pathology
•Hypercalcemia
Papillary Necrosis
•Diabetes
•Sickle Cell disease
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
•Most common tumor of collecting ducts
•Hematuria
•Benzidine, smoking, cyclophosphamide, and aniline
•Local dissemination
•Schistosoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Bladder
•Sequel of inflammation
•Schistosomiasis
•Renal calculi
Other Keywords
•Myoglobinuria ⇔ Trauma
•Potter’s syndrome ⇔ Bilateral renal agenesis
•Milk-Alkali syndrome ⇔ Nephrocalcinosis
•Wilm’s Tumor ⇔ Childhood, Nephroblastoma, flank mass
•Pre-renal Azotemia ⇔ decreased renal flow, Oliguria, High BUN/Creatinine ratio
•Fanconi Syndrome ⇔ Glycosuria, Systemic acidosis, proximal tubule, hypophosphatemia
•Hartnup’s Disease ⇔ Tryptophan mal-absorption
•Alport Disease ⇔ Male, red urine, visual disturbance, proteinuria
10. MALE GENITAL DISORDERS
Seminoma
•Most common
•Mid 30’s
•Radio-sensitivity
•Germ Cell tumor
Yolk Sac Tumor
•Infants
•Mostly testis
•Endodermal sinus
•Alpha-fetoprotein
Choriocarcinoma
•20-30 years of age
•HCG increase
•Gynecomastia
Leydig Tumor
•Interstitial cells (non-germ)
•Benign
•Intra-cytoplasmic Reinke crystals
•Adult gynecomastia
Prostatic Carcinoma
•Inner group of glands
•Posterior lobe
•PSA in serum
•PAP (Prostatic acid phosphate)
Inflammations
•Balanitis ⇔ Poor hygiene
•Syphilis ⇔ Chancre
•Gonorrhea ⇔ Neisseria
•Chlamydia ⇔ Nongonococcal urethritis
Testicular Diseases
•Torsion of Spermatic cord ⇔ testicular gangrene
•Cryptorchidism ⇔ Atrophy
•Hydrocele ⇔ Distended tunica vaginalis
Other Tumors
•Teratoma ⇔ germ cell tumor
•Androblastoma
