•Autoimmune atrophy
•TB, infections
•Hypotension
•Pigmentation
•Decreased serum Na+
•High serum K+
Pheochromocytoma
•Adrenal Medullary tumor
•Chromaffin cells
•Episodic Hypertension
•Increased urinary catecholamines
Neuroblastoma
•Homer Wright rosettes
•Spontaneous differentiation to ganglioneuroma
•Childhood
•N-myc oncogene
Diabetes Mellitus
See also pancreas/liver
•TYPE I ⇔ Ketoacidosis, young, HLA DR3 and DR4
•TYPE II ⇔ less ketoacidosis, older, obese, neuropathy
Insulinoma
•β-Cell tumor
•Whipple’s Triad
•Increased circulatory pre-insulin
Gastrinoma
•Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
•Hypergastrinemia
Glucagonoma
•Secondary diabetes mellitus
•Necrolytic migratory erythema
VIPoma
•AKA. Werner-Morrison Syndrome
•Pancreatic tumor
•Elevated vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
•Watery diarrhea
•Hypokalemia
•Achlorhydria
•Dehydration
Men Syndromes
•Type I ⇔ Wermer’s Syndrome; Zollinger-Ellison, adrenal cortex, pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas
•Type IIa ⇔ Sipple’s Syndrome; hyperparathyroidism, Pheochromocytoma
•Type IIb (MEN III) ⇔ Pheochromocytoma, adrenal medulla, thyroid medulla
14. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Myasthenia Gravis
•20-30 year-old female
•Thymic hyperplasia
•Eaton-Lambert myasthenia
•Motor end-plate acetylcholine receptor antibody
•Fatigue on exertion
•Swallowing and ocular muscles problems
•Symptoms worse at night
•Improves with edrophonium
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
•Dystrophin deficiency
•X-linked
•Calves pseudohypertrophy
•Creatine-phosphokinase
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
•X-linked
•Better prognosis than Duchenne
•Walking through mid 20’s
Rheumatoid Arthritis
•Rheumatoid factor
•Pannus
•Proximal interphalangeal joints
•Symmetric arthritis
•HLA antigen
•Felty’s syndrome
Gout
•Hyperuricemia
•Tophi
•Monosodium urate crystals in joints
•Uric acid stones
•Metatarsophalangeal joint
Osteosarcoma
•Malignant
•Adolescence
•Codman’s triangle
•Metaphysis
•Retinoblastoma
•Chromosome 13, deletion 14
Chondrosarcoma
•Pelvis
•Mostly older adult males
•Malignant
Ewing’s Sarcoma
•Diaphysis
•Skull metastasis
•Soft tissue penetration
•Pelvis and long bones
•Young male Caucasian (< 15)
•Resembles osteomyelitis
•“Onion skin”
Paget’s Bone Disease
•Increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities
•Tibial bowing
•Mosaic
