fiber ⇔ Colon Adenocarcinoma
•High fat ⇔ Breast carcinoma
•Benzene ⇔ Acute leukemia
•Nickel, chromium ⇔ lung cancer
•DES ⇔ Vaginal clear cell Adenocarcinoma, vaginal adenosis
•Alcohol ⇔ Esophageal squamous carcinoma
•N-myc ⇔ Neuroblastoma
•L-myc ⇔ Small cell carcinoma of lung
•Bcl-2 ⇔ Follicular lymphomas
•Erb-b2 ⇔ Breast and ovarian carcinomas
•Myc ⇔ Burkitt’s lymphoma
17. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
Gene, Chromosome ⇔ Related Tumor
•NF-2, 22q ⇔ Acoustic neuroma; Neurofibromatosis II
•NF-1, 17q ⇔ Neurofibromatosis Type I
•BRCA-1, 17q ⇔ Ovarian and breast cancer
•BRCA-2, 13q ⇔ Breast
•APC, 5q ⇔ Familial polyposis
•DCC, 18q ⇔ Coloanal and gastric
•Rb, 13q ⇔ Osteosarcoma, Retinoblastoma
•WT-1, 11p ⇔ Wilm’s
18. ENZYME MARKERS
•Lipase ⇔ Acute pancreatitis
•Aminotransferase (AST and ALT) ⇔ Myocardial infarction, viral and alcoholic hepatitis
•Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ⇔ Liver diseases
•Amylase ⇔ Acute pancreatitis, Mumps, Wilson’s
•CPK ⇔ Myocardial infarction and muscle disorder
19. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
SLE
•10 times more in females
•More in blacks
•20-30 years of age
•Photosensitivity
•Butterfly facial rash
•Triggered by Procainamide
•ANA
•Anti-ds DNA
•Sm antigen
•Libman-Sachs endocarditis
•Diffuse Glomerulonephritis
Sjogren’s Syndrome
•Middle age women
•HLA-DR3
•Parotid enlargement
•Xerostomia
•Rheumatoid arteritis
•Keratoconjunctivitis
Scleroderma
•AKA. Systemic sclerosis
•Raynaud’s phenomena
•Esophageal fibrosis
•ANA (antinuclear antibody)
•Hyper-gammaglobinemia
•Anticentromere angiopathy
•Xerostomia
Amyloid
•Congo red stain
•Multiple myeloma
•Alzheimer
•Dilated: Congestive
Graves Disease
•Middle-aged female
•Exophthalmia
•Heat intolerance
Hashimato Thyroiditis
•Auto microsomal antibody
•Enlarged thyroid
•Lymphocytic infiltration
•Cold intolerance
•Associated with: SLE, Sjogren’s, chronic hepatitis, HLA-DR5 and DR3
Myasthenia Gravis
See musculoskeletal
Lambert- Eaton Syndrome
•Similar to myasthenia
•Auto-antibody to Ca++ channels
•Decreased presynaptic Ach release
•Proximal weakness
Good Pasture’s
•Males
•Autoantibody against basement membrane
•Kidneys and lungs
Dermatomyositis
•Eye and knuckle’s rash
•Bilateral proximal muscle weakness
•Polymyositis
•Increased CPK, SGOT, LDH, and CK
•Subcutaneous calcification
Rheumatoid Arthritis
•Antibody against Fc of IgG
•Female, 40-50
•Pannus
•Synovitis and morning stiffness
•Joint deformity
20. IMMUNE DEFICIENCY DISEASES
