and parathyroid defect
•Hypocalcemia
•Neonatal tetany
•Loss of cell mediated immunity
•Abnormal facies
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
•X-linked recessive
•Eczema
•Thrombocytopenia
•Recurrent infections
SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency)
•B and T cell deficiency
•Sex-linked or autosomal recessive
Acquired Immunodeficiency (AIDS)
•HIV
•ELISA and Western Blot
21. INFLAMMATION
Keyboard Associations
•Acute ⇔ Neutrophils
•Chronic ⇔ Macrophage, lymphocyte, fibrosis
•Bacteria ⇔ Neutrophils
•Virus and Fungi ⇔ Macrophages, Lymphocytes
•C5A ⇔ Chemotaxis
•C5-9 ⇔Membrane attack complex
•Opsonins ⇔ IgG, C3b
•Chediak-Higashi ⇔ Chemotaxic defect
•Bradykinin ⇔ Pain
•Leukotriene B4 ⇔ Chemotaxis
•Leukotriene C4, D4, E4 ⇔ vasodilation
22. PRE-CANCEROUS STATES AND ASSOCIATED CANCERS
Keyboard Associations
•Actinic keratosis ⇔ Squamous cell carcinoma
•Alcoholic Cirrhosis ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma
•AIDS ⇔ Kaposi’s sarcoma, and aggressive B-cell lymphomas
•Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s, myasthenia gravis) ⇔ Malignant and benign thymomas
•Barrett’s esophagus ⇔ Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
•Café au lait of skin ⇔ Neurofibromatosis
•Chronic atrophic gastritis ⇔ Gastric Adenocarcinoma
•Hepatitis B ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma
•Paget’s ⇔ Oste and fibrosarcomas
•Pernicious anemia ⇔ Gastric Adenocarcinoma
•Plummer-Vinson Syndrome ⇔ Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
•Tuberous sclerosis ⇔ cardiac rhabdomyoma
•Ulcerative Colitis ⇔ Colonic Adenocarcinoma
•Xeroderma pigmentosum ⇔ Basal and squamous cell carcinoma of skin
23. TUMOR MARKERS
Keyboard Associations
•βHCG ⇔ Hydatidiform mole, Choriocarcinoma, dysgerminoma
•α-1 Anti-Trypsin ⇔ Liver, yolk sac
•S-100 ⇔ Neural neoplasms and melanoma
•Bombesin ⇔ Neuroblastoma, pancreatic and gastric carcinomas
•CA-125 ⇔ Ovarian tumors
•α-Fetoprotein ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac, malignant teratoma
•CEA ⇔ Breast, colorectal, and pancreatic CA
•PSA ⇔ Prostate adenocarcinoma
•Acid Phosphatase ⇔ prostate
24. CELLULAR INJURY
Keyboard Associations
•Aplasia ⇔ Agenesis
•Anaplasia ⇔ Lack of consistent differentiation
•Hypoplasia ⇔ slow genesis
•Metaplasia ⇔ replacement of tissues
•Hypertrophy ⇔ Size
•Hyperplasia ⇔ Number
•Irreversible damage indicators ⇔ AST, CPK, LDH
•Autolysis ⇔ Degradation by internal enzymes
•Heterolysis ⇔ Degradation by extrinsic enzymes
•Pyknosis ⇔ Nuclear shrinkage
•Karyorrhexis ⇔ Chromatin fragmentation
•Karyolysis ⇔ Dissolution of pyknotic nucleus
•Apoptosis ⇔ Councilman body of viral hepatitis
•Coagulation necrosis ⇔ nuclear changes
•Liquefaction necrosis ⇔ Liquefied necrotic tissues (Brain)
•Caseous necrosis ⇔ Soft, cheesy (TB)
•Gangrenous Necrosis ⇔ Wet/dry
•Fibrinoid necrosis ⇔ Arterial fibrin-like deposition
•Traumatic Fat necrosis ⇔ Breast
•Enzymatic Fat necrosis ⇔ Pancreas
•Lipofuscin ⇔ Wear/Tear aging
•Hemosiderin ⇔ Red cell destruction
•Increased Melanin ⇔ sun tanning
•Decreased Melanin ⇔ Vitiligo
•Free radical ⇔ Lipid peroxidation
•Carbon ⇔ Anthracosis
•Lead poisoning (Plumbism) ⇔ RBC Basophilic stippling
•Methanol
