cells
•Hemosiderin
Malignant Melanoma
•Horizontal and vertical growth
•Epidermal-dermal junction
•Clark’s level
•Sun exposure
•Most malignant skin neoplasm
•Nodular melanoma
•Metastasis
Acanthosis Nigricans
•Chronic external irritation
•Visceral/internal malignancies
•Hyper-pigmentation
Vitiligo
•Albino-like manifestations
•Antimelanocyte antibodies
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
•Men more than women
•Sun-damaged skin
•Metastatic potency
•Keratin pearls
Herpes Zoster
•Chicken pox
•Dorsal root ganglia
•Dermatome eruption
Albinism
•Tyrosine
•Ocular: X-linked
Contact Dermatitis
•T-cells
13. ENDOCRINE CONDITIONS
Pituitary Hyperfunctions
•Prolactinoma ⇔ Chromophobic cells; Amenorrhea, galactorrhea
•Somatotropic adenoma ⇔ Acidophilic adenoma; Gigantism; acromegaly
•Corticotropic adenoma ⇔ Basophilic, ACTH, Cushing’s
•Antidiuretic Hyperfunction ⇔ ectopic lung carcinoma
Pituitary Hypofunction
•Simmond’s Disease ⇔ Panhypopituitarism; wasting
•Sheehan’s ⇔ Postpartum ischemic necrosis
•Growth hormone ⇔ Dwarfism
•TSH ⇔ Secondary hypothyroidism
•ADH ⇔ Diabetes insipidus
Thyroid
•Hypothyroidism ⇔ Cretinism and myxedema
•Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ⇔ Autoimmune, Lymphocytic infiltration, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies; Hypothyroid
•Plummer’s Syndrome ⇔ Colloid accumulation, Hyperthyroidism with no exophthalmia
•Thyroglossal Duct Cyst ⇔ Common Congenital
Grave’s Disease
•Toxic goiter
•Exophthalmia
•HLA-DR3, HLA-B8
•Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI)
•Thyroid Growth Immunoglobulin (TGI)
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
•Ground-glass nuclei
•Psammoma bodies
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
•Capsule invasion
•Vessel invasion
•Vascular metastasis (poor prognosis)
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
•Calcitonin
•Associated with MEN IIa and IIb
•Amyloid stroma
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
•Increased alkaline phosphatase
•Osteitis fibrosa
•Cystic-brown bone tumor
•Hypercalcemia
•Hypophosphatemia
•Increased PTH
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
•Chronic Renal Disease
•Hypocalcemia
•Osteoclastic bone disease
•Increased PTH
•Hyperphosphatemia
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
•Autosomal recessive
•Short finger and stature
•Unresponsiveness to PTH
Hypoparathyroidism
•Surgical accident (Thyroidectomy)
•DiGeorge’s Syndrome
•Tetany and hypocalcemia, seizures
•Chvostek and Trousseau signs
•Low calcium, high phosphate
•Low PTH
Cushing’s Syndrome
•Hypercortism (Adrenal)
•High ACTH activity
•Adrenal cortical adenoma
•Adrenal carcinoma
•Zona fasciculata
•Hypokalemia,
