risk of osteosarcoma
Ankylosing Spondylitis
•Spine sacroiliac joint
•HLA-B27
•Young male
•Aortic insufficiency
•Iritis
15. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS Keyboard Associations
•Syphilis ⇔ Tabes dorsalis
•Rabies ⇔ Negri body
•Epidural hematoma ⇔ Middle meningeal
•Subdural hematoma ⇔ Bridging veins tear
•Berry aneurysm ⇔ Subarachnoidal hemorrhage
•Cerebral infarct ⇔ Middle cerebral artery
•Anencephaly ⇔ α-fetoprotein
•Pituitary tumor ⇔ bitemporal hemianopsia
•Toxoplasmosis ⇔ Placental infection
•Lacunar infarct ⇔ Thalamus
•Creutzfeldt-Jacob ⇔ Rapidly progressive dementia
•Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ⇔ Measles, AIDS
•Meningioma ⇔ Psammoma bodies, Palisading
•Alzheimer’s ⇔ Neurofibrillary tangles, β2 Amyloid, most common
•Pick’s disease ⇔ Pick’s bodies
•Guillain-Barré syndrome ⇔ Acute peripheral neuritis
•Multiple Sclerosis ⇔ HLA haplotypes
•Parkinson’s ⇔ Substantia nigra, Lewy bodies, L-dopa, Resting tremor
•Toxoplasmosis ⇔ Transplacental
•Viral meningoencephalitis ⇔ Perivascular cuffing, glial inclusion bodies
•Poliomyelitis ⇔ Necrosis of anterior horn of spinal cord
•Idiopathic Parkinson’s ⇔ Paralysis agitans, Lewy bodies, L-dopa
•Von Economo’s encephalitis ⇔ Post-encephalitis Parkinsonism
•Shy-Dragger Syndrome ⇔ Parkinsonism plus autonomic disorder
•Cytomegalovirus ⇔ Giant cells with eosinophilic bodies
•Kuru ⇔ Cannibalism, spongiosis
•Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis ⇔ measles
•Progressive Multifocal leukoencephaly ⇔ Papovavirus
Pyogenic Meningitis
•E. Coli, infants
•H. Influenzae, Children
•N. Meningitidis, adolescence
Multiple Sclerosis
•Increased CSF immunoglobulin
•HLA haplotypes
•Paraventricular plaques
•Helper CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytic infiltration
•IgM antibody = recent primary infection
Alzheimer’s
•Progressive dementia
•Choline acetyltransferase deficiency
•Alteration of nucleus basalis of Meynert
Parkinson’s
•Substantia nigra
•Lewy bodies
•L-dopa
•Resting tremor
•Rigidity
•Bradykinesia
•Mask-like facies
Huntington’s Disease
•Atrophy of caudate nucleus
•Atrophy of Putnam
•Chromosome 4
•Delay of clinical abnormalities until 30-40 years of age
Medulloblastomas
•Young children
•Cerebellum
•Rosette or perivascular pseudo-rosette pattern
16. ONCOGENIC AGENTS
Viral Oncogens
•HPV ⇔ Cervical carcinoma, 16 and 18
•Kaposi sarcoma associated herpes (KSHV) ⇔ Kaposi’s sarcoma
•EBV ⇔ Burkitt’s Lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
•HBV ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma
•HTLV-1 ⇔ Adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
Energy-Related Oncogens
•UV ⇔ Basal and squamous cell carcinoma + melanoma of skin
•Radiation Therapy ⇔ Leukemias, Thyroid carcinoma, Skin melanoma
Chemical Oncogens
•Viral Chloride ⇔ Hepatic Angiosarcoma
•Thorotrast ⇔ Hepatic angiosarcoma
•Aflatoxin B ⇔ Hepatocellular carcinoma
Other Oncogens
•Alkylating agents ⇔ Leukemia/Lymphoma
•Nitrosamines ⇔ Gastric carcinoma
•Asbestos ⇔ Mesothelioma
•Arsenic ⇔ Squamous cell carcinoma
•Chromium
