Daliyeh II and Qumran Miscellanea 2, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 28. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 3–116.18 Gross, A.D. (2008). Continuity and Innovation in the Aramaic Legal Tradition. Leiden: Brill.
19 Gzella, H. (2004). Tempus, Aspekt und Modalität im Reichsaramäischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
20 Gzella, H. (2006). Das Aramäische in den römischen Ostprovinzen: Sprachsituationen in Arabien, Syrien und Mesopotamien zur Kaiserzeit. Bibliotheca Orientalis, 63, pp. 15–39.
21 Gzella, H. (2008). The heritage of Imperial Aramaic in Eastern Aramaic. Aramaic Studies, 6, pp. 85–109.
22 Gzella, H. (2011a). Imperial Aramaic. In S. Weninger, G. Khan, M.P. Streck, and J.C.E. Watson (eds.), The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, pp. 574–586.
23 Gzella, H. (2011b). Late imperial Aramaic. In S. Weninger, G. Khan, M.P. Streck, and J.C.E. Watson (eds.), The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, pp. 598–609.
24 Gzella, H. (2011c). Introduction. In H. Gzella (ed.), Languages from the World of the Bible. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, pp. 1–13.
25 Gzella, H. (2014). Language and script. In H. Niehr (ed.), The Arameans in Ancient Syria. Leiden: Brill, pp. 71–107.
26 Gzella, H. (2015). A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam. Leiden: Brill.
27 Gzella, H. (ed.) (2016). Aramäisches Wörterbuch, Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament Vol. IX. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
28 Gzella, H. (2017). Von der Kanzlei‐ zur Kultursprache: Die Anfänge der aramäischen Weltliteratur. Theologische Quartalschrift, 197, 107–132.
29 Healey, J.F. (2005). New evidence for the Aramaic legal tradition: from Elephantine to Edessa. In P.S. Alexander, G.J. Brooke, A. Christmann, J.F. Healey, P.C. Sadgrove (eds.), Studia Semitica: The Journal of Semitic Studies Jubilee Volume. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 115–127.
30 Healey, J.F. (2009). Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period: Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, IV. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
31 Hoftijzer, J., Jongeling, K. (1995). Dictionary of the North‐West Semitic Inscriptions, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.
32 Hug, V. (1993). Altaramäische Grammatik der Texte des 7. und 6. Jh.s v. Chr. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orient‐Verlag.
33 Kaufman, S.A. (1974). The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34 Khan, G. (2007). Aramaic in the medieval and modern periods. In J.N. Postgate (ed.), Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern. London: British School of Archeology in Iraq, pp. 95–113.
35 Lipiński, E. (1994). Aramaic documents from ancient Egypt. Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, 25, pp. 61–68.
36 Lozachmeur, H. (2006). La collection Clermont‐Ganneau: Ostraca, épigraphes sur jarre, étiquettes de bois, 2 vols. Paris: de Boccard.
37 Muffs, Y. (2003). Studies in the Aramaic Legal Papyri from Elephantine: With Prolegomenon by Baruch A. Levine. Leiden: Brill.
38 Muraoka, T., Porten, B. (2003). A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic, 2nd edition. Leiden: Brill.
39 Naveh, J., Shaked, S. (1973). Ritual texts or treasury documents? Orientalia, New Series, 42, pp. 445–457.
40 Naveh, J., Shaked, S. (2012). Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria (Fourth Century BCE.): From the Khalili Collections. London: The Khalili Family Trust.
41 Nebe, G.‐W. (2007). Das Lied von Sarais Schönheit in 1Q20 = Genesis‐Apokryphon XX, 2–8 und die Anfänge der aramäischen Poesie. In S.G. Vashalomidze, L. Greisiger (eds.), Der Christliche Orient und seine Umwelt: Gesammelte Studien zu Ehren Jürgen Tubachs anläßlich seines 60. Geburtstags. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 59–86.
42 TAD: Porten, B., Yardeni, A. (1986–1999). Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, 4 vols. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University.
43 Porten, B., Yardeni, A. (2014–2020). Textbook of Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea, 4 vols. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
44 Porten, B., Farber, J.J., Martin, C.J., et al. (1996). The Elephantine Papyri in English: Three Millennia of Cross‐Cultural Continuity and Change, Documenta et monumenta Orientis antiqui 22. Leiden: Brill.
45 Röllig, W. (2002). Appendix II: Aramaic inscriptions. In D. Kaptan (ed.), The Daskyleion Bullae Vol. 1: Seal Images from the Western Achaemenid Empire. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp. 198–210.
46 Schwiderski, D. (2004). Die alt‐ und reichsaramäischen Inschriften Band 2: Texte und Bibliographie. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.
47 Segal, J.B. (1983). Aramaic Texts from North Saqqâra: With Some Fragments in Phoenician. London: Oxford University Press.
48 Sokoloff, M. (1999). The Old Aramaic inscription from Bukān: a revised interpretation. Israel Exploration Journal, 49, pp. 105–115.
49 Tavernier, J. (2008). Multilingualism in the fortification and treasury archives. In P. Briant, W.F.M. Henkelman, and M.W. Stolper (eds.), L’archive des fortifications de Persepolis: État de question et perspective de recherches. Paris: de Boccard, pp. 59–86.
50 Vattioni, F. (1971). I sigilli, le monete e gli avori aramaici. Augustinianum, 11, pp. 47–87.
51 Weigl, M. (2010). Die aramäischen Achikar‐Sprüche aus Elephantine und die alttestamentliche Weisheitsliteratur. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.
52 Yardeni, A. (1994). Maritime trade and royal accountancy in an erased customs account from 475 BCE on the Aḥiqar scroll from Elephantine. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 293, pp. 67–78.
FURTHER READING
1 Gzella, H. (2010). Das sprachliche Prestige des Reichsaramäischen. In R. Rollinger, B. Gufler, M. Lang, and I. Madreiter (eds.), Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasian, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 489–505. Briefly outlines the social role of Aramaic in the Achaemenid Empire.
2 Gzella, H. (2020). Aramaic: A History of the First World Language. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. A panoramic overview of Aramaic in its various ramifications.
3 Millard, A.R. (2003). Aramaic documents of the Assyrian and Achaemenid periods. In M. Brosius (ed.), Ancient Archives and Archival Traditions: Concepts of Record‐Keeping in the Ancient World. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 230–240. Provides a crisp overview of the documentary material.
4 Porten, B. (1968). Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. Gives an accessible, albeit dated, introduction to the Aramaic texts from Elephantine.
CHAPTER 10 Biblical Sources
Reinhard G. Kratz
Epigraphical Sources
Epigraphical
